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SPALDING'S A T II 1. i: T I C L I 15 R A R Y 

ROWING 



E . J . G I A N N I N I 

Of the New York Athlclic Club 




C O M P L E T E M A N U A L 
WITM ILLUSTRA1MONS AND 
VALUABLE ADVICE 



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P I' B L I S H E D K V THE 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 



15 WARkEX SIREET, NEW V<JRK 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 

Two OoDles Received 

MAY 17 1904 

Cooyrleht Entry 

CLASS u^ XXc. No. 
SS -] O 
COPY B 



'.•^nt'e'icdC according 'to kci of-Congress, in the year 19()1, by 
' '" ' The American "Spokts Puklishing Co., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washinjif^n. 



a 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



INTRODUCTION 

ROWING is a sport wliich has ](int; l>een popular with the youth 
of the day. and whicli grows in favor the'more it is practised 
and tlic l)etter it is understood. Not only is it followed as a 
relaxation and an amusement, but it may also be said to have become 
a part of the physical discipline which is now on all hands admitted 
to be not incompatible with, but positively conducive to that mental 
and moral training, in view of the more serious business of life, which 
forms our national education. P'ield sports and athletic exercises, 
among which none is less objectionable than rowing, are now recog- 
nized not only as an integral part, but a necessity of any sound system 
of instruction. Mens sana will be found in corpone sano. The 
author of "Tom llrown's School Days" — himself an instance of 
combined muscular Christianity and intellectual development — has 
shown us that mind and muscle are not necessarily antagonistic, and 
that Tom Brown at Oxford was no lower in the class lists for being 
an accomplished athlete. 

Rowing, as practised at the present day, combines more completely 
than any other open air sport the best features of physical training. 
Its prominent value as an exercise consists in l^ringing into play a 
great number of muscles and bodily organs, thus imparting vigor to 
the whole frame ; and since the art is acquired only by long, con- 
tinued and assiduous practice, it is more susceptible of being influ- 
enced by a judicious system of bodily preparation and training. In 
comparing th i relative merits of different kinds of sports as regards 
their effect on the mind as well as on the body, that one may be 
assumed to be the best which affords the most ample scope for the 
employment of the greatest number of tlie highest faculties, and 
which, while calling into play the full measure of muscular strength 



4 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 

and physical endurance, still renders the body perfectly subordinate 
to, and a quickly responsive and willing instrument of the mind. 

Tried by such tests, rowing stands exceptionally high, particularly 
M'hen we consider it under the aspect of its use in racing ; for where 
success has to be striven for in vigorous and excited competition, not 
only are strength and endurance needed, but also plenty of that high 
moral quality known as "pluck," and a correct and delicate appre- 
ciation of the best time and method of applying, utilizing to their 
utmost and perfectly controlling the forces employed. Modern 
improvements in rawing boats have reduced the rowing of the present 
day to a finer art than ever, rendering it less than formerly the rude 
conflict of force it was in the early days of racing boats, when such 
contests were commonly mere exhibitions of uncultivated powers, 
propelling heavy bulks by main strength. 

The standard of rowing is maintained by the universities and col- 
leges of Vale, Harvard, Pennsylvania and Cornell ; by the preparatory 
schools — St. Paul's in particular — and by the principal rowing and 
athletic clubs — New Vork A. C, Atlanta, Nassau, Dauntless and 
many others too numerous to mention. Of course, club matches — in 
which the generic term may be included college and other races at 
the universities — tend to uphold it. That it should fluctuate from 
time to time is a necessity, and that in occarional years it is of an 
exceptionally good class is only natural, as likewise that in others, it 
falls to a comparatively low pitch. Speed has increased — of that 
there is no doubt. The science of "coaching" is more fully known 
and more readily comprehended than in days gone by, and, when 
divested of the humbug and bewildering technicalities with which it 
had been needlessly surrounded, is found a far simpler task than it 
Avas believed to be. The art of "training" has been rescued from 
the depths of empiricism, in which it was too long suffered to dwell 
and in which the ignorant prejudices of illiterate professionals, who 
at one time usurped the coaching of amateurs, purposely kept it. At 
the present time it is conducted on the principles of common sense 
and hygiene, and so far from being involved in mystery, is now noth- 
ing more nor less than an adhesion to a few simple rules of bathing, 
diet, exercise and rest. 



Spalding's athletic library. 



ROWING 

now TO USE AN OAR AND SCULLS 

R()\VIX(i is the art of propelling a boat through the water by 
means tif oars or sculls, the person operating sitting with his 
face toward the stern and his l)ack to the bow or front of the 
]>oat. It consists in reaching forward w ith the oar in the air, then 
dipping the oar into tlie water and throwing the body straight back- 
wards, thus dashing the oar through the water, and, finally, pulling 
the handle home with the arms to the chest by means of the resisting 
p')wer of stretcher and sliding seat ; the oar being the lever, the water 
the fulcrum, the boat or oarlock the weight to be moved and the 
weight and strength of the oarsman the power. Rowing Mith the 
sculls is the same, except that instead of using one implement or oar 
with both liands, two implements, called sculls, one in each hand, 
are substituted ; the latter feat can be performed by one individual 
alone, but when f)ars are used two men are necessary, and they are 
often accompanie<l by an aide-de-camp in the person of a coxswain. 
The action is twofold, as it is made up of two portions, viz., the 
stroke and the feather. The stroke is the pulling of the oar through 
the water with the blade — to which the water offers a resistance in 
its passage — at right angles to the fluid traversed. Feathering is, 
strictly speaking, the turning of the oar at the conclusion of the 
stroke, by dropping the hands and turning down the wrists and there- 
by bringing the blade into a plane with the surface of the water, but 
the term is also commonly used as including the carriage back of the 
oar, in the same position or plane, to recommence another stroke, as 
the oar is then said to be on the feather. 

The art of rowing is an imitative one, and although some persons 
appear to have an intuitive knowledge of it and are unusually apt 



6 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

pupils, yet others never can and never will row properly, no matter 
how persistently they may work. To excel requires a long and will- 
ing apprenticeship, commenced at an early age ; for of all sports 
there is, perhaps, none that is slower in being picked up, and cer- 
tainly none that is so manifestly devoid of a short or a royal road to a 
knou'ledge of it. To a casual looker-on it may seem a simple matter 
to jump into a boat and row her away as cleverly as is daily done by 
scores of men, but such is far from being the case in practice, and no 
idea is more deceptive than that the grace and styl« of an accom- 
plished oarsman or sculler are easily copied. And perhaps the most 
fatal step to take is to begin to row in very light boats, for nothing is 
more certain to lead to disappointment or more prejudicial to the 
acquisition of good style. To this evil practice may be attributed a 
great deal of the faulty and ineffective rowing which may be wit- 
nessed on any river where boat clubs are located. It is short and 
scratchy and is characterized l)y a marked absence of length and by 
utter want of power, because of an improper application of strength 
— the exact reverse of rowing as it should be. 

The laws of rowing are ascertainable and definite. We acknowl- 
edge but one staiulard and form the learner upon one ideal. A per- 
fect oarsman is clearly and ineffacably impressed upon our mental 
vision, and he is instantaneously singled out l)y our powers of per- 
ception from his fellow laborers. His action and his form are defi- 
nite, and though they cannot be so easily put down on paper as to be 
transparent to the uninitiated, yet they are as clearly appreciated by 
the experienced observer as the sun at noonday. Indeed, the mere 
way in which a man sits in a boat is a test of his rowing capabilities, 
because as a rule no good oar sits badly and no bad oar sits well. 
How to sit and how to hold an oar properly are the first principles in 
rowing. 

Not very long ago an impression prevailed that there were several 
kinds of perfect rowing, each of them indigenous to certain head- 
quarters of the sport, but this fallacy exists no more, for it is well 
known and acknowledged that there should be but one text for all, 
and that upon one model only every oarsman ought to he formed. 
The characteristics of this model are a firm, clean entrance of the 



SPALDIN(; S ATHLETIC LIRRARY. 7 

oar into the Mater, a powerful, steady and liori/.ontal stroke, a feather, 
quick, low, yet sufficiently high to clear the water, in wliichever state 
it be, and concise both at the beginning and the finish. How to 
acquire them will be explained. 

An oarsman about to row, having taken his oar in hand, should 
proceed to embark. This he should do by laying the blade of his 
oar in the water, if on the outside, or on the float if on the shore-side 
oar, and then stepping into the boat with his face to the stern, put- 
ting one foot on the keelson, lengthwise — not athwart it, for fear of 
forcing his toe or heel through the boat — and, stooping, should let 
himself down gently on the seat by placing a hand on each gunwale. 
He should next ship his oar, placing the handle in the rowlock out- 
side. He should sit square and exactly opj^osite the handle of his 
oar, not askew. The body should be erect, with the shoulders 
slightly thrown back and the elbows close to the flanks. 

The oar should be held firmly yet lightly in both hands (see Fig- 
ures I and 2), the outside one close to the end of the handle — but not 
at the end, capping it — with the fingers above and the thumb under- 
neath it, although some men prefer the thumb of the outside hand in 
the same position as the fingers — and the inside hand, or that next 
the loom or body of the oar, from one and one-half to two inches, 
though not more than two and one-half inches away from, but grasp- 
ing the oar more convexly than its fellows, the thumb underneath ; 
bearing in mind always tltat the mechanical power of the outside 
hand is the greater in the bare pulling, and that the inside hand 
mainly guides and manipulates the oar. If the inside hand is held 
too low, a good deal of force is lost, the arm is bent, the shoulders 
are not squared and the beginning af the stroke is ^\•L•akcne(l. The 
forearms should be below the level of the handle, and the wrists 
dropped and relaxed, the oar being now (juiescent, at right angles to 
the keel of the boat, and feathered. The diverse positions of the two 
hands and wrists enable the oar to be a\ iehled with greater facility 
than if alike, and permit of loth arms being stretched out perfectly 
straiglit — not crooked or ber.t •when getting forward. 

In rowing the stroke, the body should be inclined forwards, with 
the backbone perfectly straight, the stomach being kept well out and 



Spalding's athletic library, 




V 
Fig. I— holding OAR (WRONc;). 




Fig. 2— holding OAR (RIGHT). 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. Q 

down between the legs, the chest forward and raised as much as pos- 
sible ; in fact, the position of the trunk will be like that of a soldier 
at drill, excepting that in rowing, the great secret is to keep the 
stomach out, whereas in drilling it must be kept in. 

The shoulders should not be allowed to come too far forward (see 
Figure 3) ; neither should one be advanced before the other, nor 
should one be higher than its fellow. The arms should play freely in 
the shoulder joint, as stiffness here and at the hips is a real hinder- 
ance to the best form. They should be perfectly straight from the 
shoulders to the wrists, and they should be treated in the first part of 
the stroke as mere connectiug-rods between the body and the oar (see_ 
Figure 4). If they are crooked, immediately the weight and strength 
ire thrown on the handle of the oar, and thus the first part of the 
;troke is lost. The inside wrist, however, must be somewhat raised 
md the outside one bent slightly round in order that the knuckles 
.nay be parallel to the oar, as the oar must be firmly grasped with 
hoth hands, otherwise the beginning of the stroke will be weak. But 
it must be kept nearly tlat, though pressed down the least bit in the 
world ; in other words it must show only the natural hollow. The 
hands should hold the oar firmly, not with the tips as usual, but with 
the whole of the fingers well round the oar, and each sepa ate finger 
— not merely the first two — must feel the oar distinctly. The knuckles 
of the thumb must not be more than one and one-half or two inches 
apart at most, for if kept too far off one another, the inside arm is 
sure to get bent and the inside shoulder thrown back. The head 
must be held up, the eyes looking in a direct line astern, and the feet 
must be firmly planted against the stretcher. In reaching forward, 
the hands should be shot out straight from the body without the least 
pause, a peculiar way of doing this, but impossible to describe, 
though easily discernible, being the mark of first-class oarsmen. 
Almost as soon as the oar has passed the knees, the wrist should be 
raised to bring the blade at right angles to the water preparatory to 
to dipping it, t'.ie fact of delaying this motion often resulting in not 
putting the oar in square. The body of the oarsman and the sliding 
seat are then drawn forward concurrently by the aid of the stretcher 
boots in readiness for taking the stroke. Care must, however, be 



lO 



Spalding's athletic library. 




Fig. 3-SIIOULDERS BRACED (WRONC). 




i^^^ 


A 


r 


1 




— — ^ 



Fig. 4-SIIOULDERS BRACED (RIGHT). 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. II 

taken not to lower the hands too much, as tliis practice leads to chop- 
ping and cutting the stroke. 

Men differ slightly in their length of reach, but every one ouglit to 
be able to get the handle of his oar over his stretcher, and when there, 
he should raise his hands straight up at once, as if not raised at once, 
the result is a hang, and if not straight the stroke is cut. The oar 
should then be instantaneously covered up to the shoulder, but no 
further, and immediately it is in this position the stroke should com- 
mence. The rower should "knit himself up," as tlie Irish call it, he 
should then spring like a bow when the string is loosed, and bring 
the muscles of his Ijack and legs into play, as far as possible raising 
his weight ofif his seat, thus using his wliole strength and weight at 
once and together. The motions at the end of the feather and at the 
beginning of the stroke are, however, so simultaneous and take place 
so rapidly that it is very difticult to analyze them. It is in this part 
of the stroke that five minutes' looking at a good oarsman rowing, is 
worth more than any number of words : in fact, no words really con- 
vey what is wanted. A " coach " may tell his pupil to "hit "the 
water, to "smite" it, etc., which may convey to the mind of a man 
who knows how to row what is required, but which can never impart 
the idea to a tyro. Catching the beginning properly, like swinging, 
must come from inspiration. It will, however, assist a crew im- 
mensely if the coach will get into the boat and row a few short spins 
at a slow stroke, employing all his power at the beginning and making 
the crew follow his example, but he must be a strong man, as he will 
have the whole weight to lift at the commencement of the stroke. 

Having thus learned to catch the beginning of the stroke with his 
body only, the rower should finish it with his arms and shoulders, 
taking care to send his elljows close past his side, and to drop his 
shoulders well down and back, keeping his head, up and his chest out 
(see Figures 5 and 6). In the next place, the whole strength of his 
arms and shoulders should be put into the finish of the stroke. 
This may seem to be recommending the fault of rowing the stroke 
out to the end, but It is really not so. This fault arises either 
from the beginning of the stroke having been shirked, from not using 
the full force of the body, or from not bending the arms soon enough. 



12 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRAXY. 

If this happens, the body has to be kept waiting until the arms come 
up to it, and hence an unseemly jerk. Is is very difficult to determine 
the exact period at which the arms are to be brought into play, but it 
ought to be done about the time that the body is perpendicular. 
Thus the full weight and strength of the rower would be applied, and 
the oar will be dashed through the water in the way that marks a 
good oarsman. 

The oar should be brought straight home to the chest, the root of 
tlie thumbs touching the body about an inch or less below the button 
of the breast bone where the ribs branch off. Thus every inch of 
water is made use of. When there, the hands should be dropped 
straight down and then be turned over and shot out again close to 
the legs, and the body should follow without the least pause (see 
Figures 7 and 8). If this be not done the oar will be feathered under 
water, and the boat buried ; water will be thrown onto the next oar 
and the recovery impeded. In effecting the recovery, the slide is an 
important agent ; but before the forward sliding movement takes 
place, the body should be swung evenly forward from the hips, not 
with a jerk or plunge, or quicker at one time than another, but freely 
and easily, as if the hip joint worked well and not stiffly. Much 
benefit may be derived from watching two or three of the best oars- 
men that can be found, observing them carefully, forming an ideal 
model, and then endeavoring to copy it. 

Two or three points should particularly be borne in mind : First, 
that when the hands are raised at the commencement of the stroke, 
and the oar, ipso facto, struck down below the surface, the whole of 
the power should be brought to bear at the moment of the oar's con- 
tact with the water, so as to create the greatest effect in the first or 
vital part of the stroke, one of the most important and too frequently 
broken laws of row ing ; secondly, that the pull home to the chest 
should be in a perfecily straight line, thus causing a horizontal stroke 
through the water, which is another law frequently disregarded ; 
thirdly, that the finish of the stroke should be as quiet and easy as it 
is possible to make it, but without lessening the force applied, which 
naturally diminishes, because at the first part of the stroke before the 
rowlock, the oar is at an acute angle to the bout, and after that at an 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 



13 




Fig. 5— finish WITH 15ICEPS (WRONG). 




Fig, 6— finish WITH SHOULDERS (RIGHT). 



14 Spalding's athletic library. 

obtuse angle. Here it is that one so often sees the stroke wind up 
with a jerk, as if to make some use of the little strength remaining in 
the human frame, the oar flirted out of the water, the elbows dug 
sharply back in an awkward and ungainly manner, and the body 
harshly and suddenly jolted forward. 

Next in importance are the movements described by the oar itself, 
starting from a state cf rest, /. e., feathered and at right angles to the 
keel of the boat. 

When the forward reach is taken, the blade of tlie oar should travel 
backwards in the air, horizontally, at the distance of a fevN-- inches 
from the surface of the water — of course, depending upon the state of 
the surface, whether smooth or rough — until dipped for the stroke. 
As regards this dip, it is imperative that the blade descend to the 
proper depth before any force is applied, otherwise the stroke will be 
cut. To effect this the hands must be raised sharply, and the stroke 
must be instantaneously commenced. In a word, the oar must be put 
into the water with energy — not suffered to drop in of its own weight. 
Wlien on the feather, the oar, after passing the knees, should be 
gradually turned before immersion, the feather concluding and the 
stroke beginning at once, with no interval whatever. Hence it will 
be perceived that the line described by the end of the blade, about 
which there are numerous theories and a variety of opinions, will be 
nearly parallel with the water until entering i', when it will immedi- 
ately be dipped with 2i. p07ver fill scoop. 

The entry of the oar into the water cannot be two sudden or too 
decided, so that it be not a chop and a splash; and for this pur- 
pose the muscles of the arms should be gathering themselves together 
as the hands reach forward. It is a well-known and indisputable 
law that the greatest power can be applied in the first half of the 
stroke; that is to say, before the oar comes level with or abreast of the 
rowlock, and that the further aft it goes subsequently to passing that 
point, the more the power decreases. Such being the case, it is only 
an act of common sense to endeavor to do as much Mork as possible, 
when it will tell most, and when it contributes to lift a boat lightly 
along the top of the water. On the other hand, if the application of 
the strength is deferred until the last part of the stroke, it is brought 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



15 




Fig. 7— hands TURNED BEFORE DROPPED (WRONG). 



i6 Spalding's attiletic library. 

to hear when it is of least service; a great and useless expenditure of 
power ensues, and the hoat, instead of being assisted over the water, 
is driven down and buried in it, her way being therefore checked. 
The same result ensues from men letting their weight rest on the seat, 
and then giving a wrench and feathering under water, instead of let- 
ting the weight rest on the stretcher and handle of the oar — in a 
word, from rowing with the arms rather than with the body, instead 
of using both. 

We now come to the position in which the blade is immersed, and 
I would observe that this is a most important point. It is said that 
the blade should descend at right angles to the water. In this opin- 
ion I cannot altogether coincide, although even such a position is far 
superior to an entry with the back of the lilade forming an acute 
angle with the water, and the front of the blade an obtuse one. In 
either of these cases, however, there is something wrong with the 
thowl rowed against with the side of the loom which bears against 
the thowl, or with that on Mhich tlie oar rests wlien traversing the 
water. The proper position is for the front or hollow of the blade to 
be looking slightly downward upon (not along) the surface; its entry 
is consequently less than a right angle. This enables the oar to take 
full and square hold of the water at once; it prevents it running down 
too deep, and, if firmly and scientifically manipulated, it obviates 
splashing. At the same time the oar ought not to be turned over too 
much, as otherwise it will not enter the water easily and will be apt 
to twist in the hand, besides straining the wrist; but no effort should 
be made whatever to force it over. The depth to which the oar de- 
scends through the medium of this peculiar catch, is to the shoulder 
or upper end of the blade. In this position it must continue until 
the hands are up to the chest — not stopping at a distance of a foot 
from it — when the stroke is concluded, and the feather commences. 
In the traverse through the water the blade of the oar should be 
barely covered, and no more — this is an accepted rule — and with the 
extraordinary light boato used at the present day, strict attention to 
this principle must be paid. When bringing the stroke to an end, 
the blade of the oar by a sudden movement — caused by dropping the 
hands and turning the wrists — is feathered or brought into plane with 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



17 




Fic. 8— HANDS DROPPED PEFORE TURNED (RIC.IIT). 



l8 Spalding's athletic library. 

the surface of the water from being at right angles to it. This action 
should take place at the moment when the oar leaves the water, and 
the lower end of the blade, by being turned suddenly cleanly aft as 
the loom rotates in the rowlock, throws the water astern in a little 
eddying whirlpool, and the whole business of the stroke is completed. 
The appearance of this whirlpool should be carefully studied, as it is 
a pretty good criterion of how a man is rowing, and if a coach hap- 
pens to be pulling himself, as is occasionally the case, it is one of the 
only guides he has in judging how his pupils are rowing behind him. 
It is almost impossible to describe the look it ought to wear, but 
plenty of small air-bubbles should keep rising, as in a soda-water 
bottle, long after the swirl has left the oar; the smaller eddies should 
be deep and well marked. Very light rowing makes a splash that 
soon subsides and deep rowing shows no air-bubl)le.s. 

The foregoing component parts of a stroke, and its succeeding 
feather, it must be admitted, are numerous, and to a certain extent 
apparently incompatible, but yet they are so blended in the work 
done by an expert oarsman as to seem but one action. Each, how- 
ever, is fully and correctly performed, and the sum of these separated 
actions is consequently also perfect. 

At the risk of being prolix, I will briefly recapitulate the main 
points to be recollected. They are as follows: First, a full, fair 
reach-out over the toes, with both arms perfectly straight; secondly, 
a square hold of the water at the dip of the oar, with an application 
of the whole power at the moment of immersion; thirdly, a firm 
stroke of medium depth, pulled straight through the water, without 
wavering and without vibration, yet always kept long and duly light; 
fourthly, a graceful, easy finish, with a clear turn of the water off the 
after-edge of the blade — the feather being light, moderately low and 
rapid — and an instantaneous movement when the oar completes the 
feather, and descends under the water. 

Besides pulling, which, as before stated, does not constitute the 
whole science of rowing, there are various manreuvres of which a 
knowledge is necessary; these sltq J>.iddling, easing, holding 7aater Siwdi 
backitig. 

Paddling is simply a milder form of rowing hard, of which the 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. IQ 

opposite extreme is spurting. The difference consists merely in the 
strength applied, and consequently in the number of strokes taken to 
the minute. It is, without question, the form most suitable for dis- 
covering and correcting faults, and it is, therefore, peculiarly valu- 
able for the purpose of coaching crews which have races to row, 
especially over long distances. 

i^rtji;/^" signifies either a reduction in speed from rowing hard to 
paddling, or else ceasing to row altogether. More commonly, how- 
ever, it denotes a cessation of rowing, the command of "Easy All" 
being generally understood to mean "Leave off Tulling." Should it 
be desired merely to reduce speed, the usual term applied is "Row 
Easy All." Herein consists the difference between this oiderand 
that of "Easy All," which should be given before the conclusion, or, 
more correctly speaking, immediately after the commencement of a 
stroke. 

Holdiui^ 7vater is the act of stopping a boat suddenly, and is accom- 
plished by partially reversing the oar and running it down under the 
water, so as to check her way; but the oar should be held when 
deeply immersed, with the blade nearly in the same position as on 
the feather, but under instead of above the water — certainly not at 
right angles to it. By a simple twist of the handle from or to the 
body, the blade can be raised or lowered according as it is found 
necessary to slacken or increase the power exerted to check the boat; 
that is to say, by simply turning the blade with its upper edge down- 
wards, towards the nose of the boat, the oar sinks, and by depressing 
the after or lower edge, it immediately rises to the surface of the 
water. 

Backing is exactly opposite of rowing, and is accomplished by re- 
versing the oar, as in the last-mentioned manoeuvre, and pushing in- 
s'ead of pulling the handle. The same principles which apply to 
rowing apply here also, for the blade should never be sunk too deep, 
but the back stroke through the water should be long and light, and 
the oar should be feathered and carried on the feather exactly, as 
when pulling in the ordinary manner. The action is commenced 
with the body well back, and is finished but little beyond the knees; 
here, again, the first being the vital part of the stroke. 



20 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

Rowing and backing a boat round should, however, be done as 
gently as possible, for nothing screws an outrigger so much as the 
application of force under these circumstances. If this is attended 
to a boat would last twice as long as she otherwise would. 

The celerity with which these various movements can be performed, 
must be acquired by practice, and a rapid change from one to the 
other can only be skilfully executed after much experience. Theory 
is all very well as a guide but actual practice and manipulation are 
the only things capable of rendering a man thoroughly conversant 
with the technicalities. 

When about to disembark the oar should be unshipped and lifted 
out before leaving the boat. 

J* 

HOW TO SCULL 

Sculling, as already mentioned, is usually performed by one per- 
son who sits in the centre of the boat and uses a pair of short oars, 
technically called "sculls," one in each hand. Double sculling has 
recently come more or less into fashion and is performed by two per- 
sons instead of one. 

In holding the sculls it is a mere matter of fancy whether the right 
hand or the left is uppermost, the sculls overlapping more or less. 
Some prefer one hand and some the other, but whichever plan seems 
•easiest and most natural, should be followed. The great points to be 
borne in mind are, to sit upright, to reach out well over the toes, 
dropping the body between the knees, which should open out as the 
arms stretch forward; to get firm hold of the water at the moment of 
contact, as explained in connection with the oar, and to lift the boat 
07'er the water with the first part of the stroke. The power applied 
will of itself gradually diminish as the stroke is brought to an end, 
but the -"eaman's dig" and jerk should above all things be avoided, 
as no boat is so susceptible of downward pressure as a thin, frail, 
sculling outrigger. The elbows should be kept close to the flanks; 
the body should not fall back too far, the blades of the sculls should 
clear the water when on the feather, and the pickup of the body in 
the recovery should be rapid. In a w^ord, the main principles to be 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARV. 21 

attended to are the same as in row ing an oar. A sculling boat may 
be stopped almost dead — in less lime than it takes to relate it — by 
running the sculls down under the water in the same manner as the 
oar, and backing water is precisely similar, only \\ ith two sculls in- 
stead of one. To turn, one scull is backed and the other jiulled. 
The sculls, when not in use, should invariably l)c flat on the water to 
preserve the ecjuilibrium of the boat. 

The great art is to pull e<iually and evenly with both hands, in 
order to balance the boat and maintain a straight course, for there 
being no coxswain, the sculler has to do his own steering. This he 
accomplishes, partly by keeping the stern of his boat pointed straight 
at some fixed object astern, and partly by turning his head, not his 
shoulders or body, round to the right or left to enable him to cast his 
right or left eye, as the case may be, as far along the water in front 
as possible. At best it is a difficult matter to keep a straight course, 
and to do it well can only be acquired by long practice. In a race 
where men are always more or less under the influence of excitement, 
the difificulty of steering is even more apparent, and it frecjuently con- 
tributes to defeat, as incompetence in this res-pect on the part of a 
competitor can never l)e altogether counterbalanced by the verbal 
directions of pilot afloat or ashore. As to tlie rate of stroke, he is no 
mean sculler who can pull thirty-five or thirty-six thorough strokes in 
a minute, and in rough water this rate will be somewhat lessened, for 
the longer the stroke and the higher the feather, so as to clear the 
surf, the better. 

SELECTION OF CREWS 

The preliminary step in making up a crew for a lace is to select 
the men who are to compose it, and in this particular the most con- 
summate judgment and knowledge are all in all, for everything de- 
pends upon the person whose duty it becomes to choose no less than 
to coach them. 

As far as physical conformation goes in p.iaking choice of a crew, 
tall men are preferred to short, well built to thin, and heavy men to 
light, especially for an eight-oar. The limits of weight, which 



22 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

should not be passed without very strong grounds, may be set at 14O 
pounds for a minimum, and 175 pounds as a maximum, that is, in 
condition. The best men will be found to average 160 pounds, 
although there have been many good amateurs, and among them 
some of the very best, little if at all exceeding 145 pounds. I am 
now alluding to an eight-oared crew, more especially if engaged in a 
race over a long distance. For a four the men and the limits may be 
much less, but for a pair it is almost a matter of chance what weights 
come together, though where there is the power of selection, light, 
(juick, active men are to be preferred. No man of 145 pounds should 
be admitted into an eight if it can by any possibility be avoided with- 
out causing detriment to the crew, but it is far better to have a light 
man who can row than a heavy one who cannot, and who is so much 
dead weight to transport. Long, bony arms, good back and shoul- 
ders, strong legs, and above all things a powerful muscular loin 
(generally accompanied by extreme width at the hips) are desirable 
qualifications. Yet it is possible to have too much muscle, especially 
about the arms and legs. Other things being equal, care should be 
taken to have all the crew as nearly alike in height, weight and buihl 
as possible, since the more closely they approximate in these respects 
the more nearly alike will they row and the nearer to the same stan- 
dard can they all be trained. Their lungs should be healthy and of 
good size. No man with a flat, narrow or otherwise defective chest 
should be put into a crew. The wind should be good, free from 
wheezing or cough, the heart healthy, free from palpitation, not 
easily excited ; but these things can often only be found out after a 
time. 

It frequently happens that the oarsmen put up for selection are 
ready made, and do not require much, or in fact any instruction in 
rudiments ; but that they nevertheless, from the differenr nurseries in 
which they have been taught to row, want more or less rounding off 
and polishing, so as to get them into uniformity. The stroke must 
be first decided upon, and more discretion must be exercised in his 
appointment than in that of all the other men put together. Scores 
of men are able to follow time or stroke with the greatest exactitude 
who have no idea whatever of setting it. They are pone the less 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 23 

valuable in their proper places, but an accomplished stroke who i)os- 
sesses first-rate form, great pluck, a good head on his shoulders, and 
who can maintain the same number of equally well rowed strokes, 
whether rapid, medium or slow, and who, when pressed, can raise a 
spurt without hurrying his men or throwing them into disorder — such 
a man is a pearl of inestimable price. Some men, on the other hand, 
are so uncertain and so frequently shift their time and stroke that no 
crew can keep together and row steadily behind them. A well-tried 
man is also indispensable at No. 7 to take up the stroke duly. The 
remainder of the crew must be picked after repeated trials, and after 
being moved backwards and forwards from one position to another 
on the eight. It is impossible to write down the exact difference 
which renders one man more eligible than another ; this must be left 
to the knowledge and discretion of the coach, but if two men are 
pretty much alike in every respect, preference should be given to 
him who does his work in the easiest and most commanding manner. 

In allotting to the men their respective places in the boat it will be 
essential to be guided chiefly, but not entirely, by their weight. The 
heaviest men should l)e located near the centre, at Numbers 3, 4, 5 
and 6 — especially at 4 and 5. The after part of the boat should be 
fairly weighted Milh the fore part to enable her to ride evenly, other- 
wise the bow will be depressed, and, in boating phraseology, she will 
"be by the head," or else her stern will drag and her way be 
checked, and it is well to remember that the coxswain adds to the 
weight in the stern of the boat and that the fact of shifting his seat 
a little backwards or forwards will cause a difTerence. 

It now becomes necessary to say a few words upon the rules to be 
observed by the oarsmen themselves. They must do their work 
willingly and with a good grace, paying marked attention to the 
advice given them by their coach and giving it a careful consideration 
on proceeding to put it into practice. Each man, when pulling, 
should fix his eyes on the back of the man in front of him, in order 
to keep time accurately. Now, there are two kinds of time, viz., the 
time of the oars and the time of the bodies. The first may be 
acquired by watching the after oar, but in order to get the second 
everyone must study the man in front of him and try to perform each 



24 Spalding's athletic library. 

individual action and motion at the same instant. Time consists in 
an immense number of movements taking place precisely at the same 
moment, and can only be brought about by fixing the attention on one 
particular person and by performing each action contemporaneously. 
This is the reason why No. 7 is such an important place in an eight- 
oar. A conscientious attention to his work is required of every man, 
and when told of a fault by his coach, and ordered to remedy it, the 
point should be retained in mind and be acted up to. Unless this is 
done there is every probability of a recurrence of the error after a 
brief interval. The advice I once heard a well-known amateur, who 
was coaching an eight, give to an oarsman who persisted in his fault 
— more, perhaps, from carelessness than obstinacy — was much to the 
point. After repeated expostulations and explanation, he at last 
said : '« Think of it, sir, think of it, and bring your mind to bear as 
you row each stroke." This is exactly what every handler of an oar 
ought to do. 

During the earlier period of training the work which the crew will 
be called upon to undergo will be long, steady pulling over long 
journeys, say from eight to fifteen miles. The rate of stroke, which 
should not be exceeded, varies from twenty-eight to thirty-two to the 
minute, and this will be found quite quick enough if every stroke is 
begun at the proper time and fairly rowed out. The same pace 
should be maintained throughout each day's practice, without quick- 
ening or slackening at all. To be well together, every oar must enter 
and leave the water at the same moment, each stroke being rowed 
through equally by all. Every back must rise, swing and fall at the 
same instant ; all the oars must catch the water at one and the same 
time ; they must all be rowed through the water at the same depth ; all 
be feathered and carried on the feather to each succeeding stroke so 
simultaneously as to appear but as one pair of oars, or even as a pair of 
sculls, and if they all get hold of the water fairly at once the peculiar 
noise appertaining to this catch, which is like the sound produced by a 
stone falling perpendicularly into the water after being thrown up into 
the air — a rotten egg, as it is called — will be distinctly audible some 
distance off, and the rattle of the oars in their rowlocks and the rush 
of the water aft off their blades, will each be blended into one. 



SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 25 

The coaching of a four, a somewhat more delicate machine, and 
therefore requiring greater nicety, will be much the same as already 
described ; but it frequently, though by no means necessarily, hap- 
pens that a four is made up of a portion of an eight-oared crew in 
training for races at one and the same regatta, and requires nothing 
more than practice. And now that they row without coxswains, the 
oarsman who steers by liis feet, and is generally in the fore part of 
the boat, is usually the captain of the crew and gives orders. 

I'air-oared rowing is, perhaps, the perfection of the art, and is 
without doubt the most difficult mode of oarsmanship. The vagaries 
described by a couple of badly matched men in a pair-oar are as 
amusing as they are absurd ; this is chiefly owing to inability to steer 
and want of practice. In these boats, which carry no coxswain, two 
men row a pair of oars, as the term implies. The boM'man is usually 
the responsible individual, as he not only steers by means of a 
mechanical apparatus connected with the rudder, but directs the 
stroke what to do ; and the duty of the stroke is to keep on rowing 
uniformly, but yet to pay the strictest attention to the orders of his 
bowman. The latter, it is scarcely necessary to state, should be the 
more experienced oarsman, and he steers mainly by working the rud- 
der with his feet, and sometimes, in a lesser degree, by easing or 
increasing the power he applies to his oar. as circumstances require, 
according to the course he is desirous of taking, looking over his 
shoulder as in sculling. A well-practised sculler, therefore, makes 
the best possible bowman in a pair. If he finds that he cannot get 
his boat's head around quickly enough, he can still tell the stroke to 
row easy, but not to stop rowing, as such a case of procedure would 
most probably culminate in a capsize, and lay out himself accord- 
ingly. More practice is required in this branch of the sport than in 
any other — that is to say, to perform well — but plenty of rowing 
together, coupled with watchfulness and attention on the part of the 
bowman, is all that is really wanted. Coaching, as with eights and 
fours, is seldom or never thought of, though occasionally needed. 
When training for a race the daily spin should equal, or rather 
slightly exceed, the course to be gone over, but it will be productive 
of much benefit to take long, steady rows and to wind up the practice 



26 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

with the spin in question. A pair should ease up one day before 
their race. The heaviest man should be placed aft, unless the boat 
is specially built for a heavy bowman. 

TRAINING 

The moral and physical man is connected closely and intimately, 
and if health, strength and longevity is to be secured, it is of absolute 
importance that while the mind is cultured and refined, an equal 
attention should be paid to the training and education of the creature. 
With the body in health, the muscles in full and vigorous action, the 
mind is far better able to grapple with and overcome the moie diffi- 
cult problems of intellectual philosophy. To those who never reflect, 
"to eat, drink and sleep," seem all that is necessary to prolong and 
sustain existence ; but man both thinks and acts. The brain, whence 
flow thought, reflection, mind, requires culture, and the human frame, 
the most perfect of all machines, with its muscles, bones and sinews, 
must be educated. The brain overtasked reacts upon the body, pro- 
ducing mal-assimulation, with its train of evils, indigestion, hypo- 
chondriasis, low spirits and impaired vital energy. The overtasked 
body, equally, though perhaps not so rapidly, produces the same re- 
sults. This being admittedly true in regard to the ordinary condi- 
tions of existence, is doubly so, affecting boat racing — a class of con- 
test which taxes the powers and endurance of the human frame to the 
very utmost. It is indispensable, therefore, that every man who takes 
part in these competitions should undergo a careful and gradual pro- 
cess of preparation, to which the word "training" is applied. By 
"training" I mean the physical amelioration of the oarsman as 
applied to his scientific education — the improvement of the bodily 
powers — not the inculcation of the principles and correct form of 
rowing, which has already been dealt with. 

Training, then, is the art of physical excellence by which a man is 
enabled to meet extreme and exceptional demands upon his energies 
without permanent injury to his powers or system. To acquire this 
excellence of condition exemplified in increased strength and muscle, 
improved wind and accelerated speed, it is necessary to submit to the 



SPALDiNG S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 27 

immediate influence of all tlie agents whose office is to promote 
bodily health and strength, in order that when the hour of trial 
comes, he may perform his allotted task of putting forth all his forces 
without flagging, without distress, and, indeed with comparative ease. 
On the other hand, it has been urged that men have been injured and 
their lives shortened by the severe training they have been made to 
undergo, but whether it be true or untrue in regard to a time long 
past, it is more than doubtful, if such is the case now, training being 
far better understood than it was formerly, and being moreover, con- 
ducted on rational principles. 

The agents of health consist of exercise, diet, sleep, air, bathing 
and clothing. How these agents are to be employed so as to produce 
the best results next claim attention. 

First — Exercise of the whole frame is more conducive to health 
than that of particular limbs. It induces perspiration, and thereby 
removes noxious matters — consequently it aids in the purification of 
the body. It tends to proper destruction of the tissues, the removal 
of worn out and the hastening forward of fresh material for its re- 
placement. Of all exercises, perhaps, none is more calculated to give 
general tone to the system than that of rowing ; at the same time that 
the wish to excel, stimulated by the prestige which accompanies such 
excellence imparts vigor and strength to the mind. In doing this it 
attains three distinct results : it increases the size and power of the 
voluntary muscles employed ; it augments the functional capacity of 
the involuntary muscles, and it promotes the health and strength of 
the whole body by increasing respiration and quickening the general 
circulation. This being the nature, and these the results of exercise, 
it is imposed upon a man in training for a boat race in two forms : 
first, rowing ; second, running or walking — in the one case training 
for strength, in the other training for wind. Now, rowing promotes 
the acquisition of muscular power by giving employment to the arms, 
the back, the loins, the hips, and more than all, to the legs. It pro- 
motes the acquisition of good wind particularly to spare men, but it 
is advisable to have recourse to a certain amount of walking or run- 
ning in all cases ; but more especially in dealing with men of full 
habit and fleshv.. 



28 Spalding's athletic library. 

Secondly — Diet comes next in importance. Exercise creates a 
want which it is the place of food to supply. Now, food may be 
roughly divided into two kinds : first that which is principally applietl 
to the formation of flesli or tissue ; secondly that which is applied to 
the production of heat. In cold countries or weather, fatty or heat- 
producing food is requisite ; but in hot climates, and in summer, a 
diet mainly of a farinaceous and liquiminous nature is found to be 
preferable, and the mode of life being, as a rule, less active than in 
cold climates, flesh-iorming food is not so necessary. Quantity is 
regulated by the appetite. The times for reflection are well known 
to be at intervals of from four to five hours. The precise hours are 
immaterial, as they must depend upon the occupation and the most 
suitable times for practice. Regulation is essential. Stated meals 
should be taken at stated times. Food should be eaten slowly and 
masticated well. Drink also should be taken slowly and not too often. 
As hunger is the warning voice of Nature telling us that our bodies 
are in need of a fresh supply of food, so thirst is the same voice warn- 
ing us that a fresh supply of liipiid is recpiired. Thirst then, being 
like hunger, a natural demand, may safely be gratified, and with 
water in preference to any other lluid. The prohibition often put 
upon the use of water or fluids in training may often be carried too 
far. To limit a man to a pint or two of liquid per day, when his sys- 
tem is throwing off three or four times that quantity through the 
medium of the ordinary secretions, is as unreasonable as to keep him 
on half rations. The general thirst experienced by the whole system 
consequent upon great bodily exertion or extreme external heat has 
but one means of cure — drink is the simplest form attainable. 

Thirdly — Sleep is equally necessary to rest the body and to refresh 
the mind. The amount of time required for this purpose varies not 
only with individuals but with the same individual at different periods 
of time. It is influenced by various causes, by the action of the other 
agents of health and especially by exercise. The growing and imma- 
ture frame requires a much longer time for recuperation than is found 
necessary at a later period of life, when growth and development are 
virtually complete. In the latter case there is but one day's wear to 
restore, whereas in the former there is a permanent and continuous 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. ^Q 

demand for the body's enlargement and consolidation. Eight linms 
are customarily named as the standard amount of sleep required under 
ordinary circumstances by an adult in fair health, and although 
seven hours may sometimes be found ample, eight will be better. 

Fourthly — The importance of fresh air is generally understood and 
admitted, but is by no means so universally acted on. A man in 
training should have at all times jiure air and plenty of it, and if his 
throat and lungs are sound he may sleep with his w iiulow iiartially 
open, but great care must be exercised in this respect in cold weather. 
Early rising is always to be commended, for nothing is so exhilarating 
as the sensation experienced in going out into the fresh, invigorating 
morning air. 

Fifthly — Bathing must be viewed as an agent of health in two dis- 
tinct aspects, first in its capacity as a cleanser of the skin, next as an 
agent of considerable tonic power. In the fust aspect it aildresses 
the skin as the organ of persjiiration only, with the view of removing 
all impediments to functional ability and arousing it to greater activ- 
ity ; in the second, as the organ of sensation, possessed of great 
nervous sensibility and influence, acting directly through it on the 
nervous and circulatory system. With this in view a cold shower 
should be taken every morning immediately on rising, and may again 
be resorted to on return from practice. 

Sixthly — Clothing is another important agent, for the evaporation 
of heat and moisture from the surface of the body is impeded, not 
only by the number of garments worn, but by their size and shape, 
the closeness of their texture and the nature of the material of which 
they are made, therefore the lightest woolen or mixed woolen or cot- 
ton garments should be worn. They should consist of merino jerseys 
of a moderately thin texture, one or two thick-knitted woolen jerseys 
to wear over the thinner ones when practising in cold weather or to 
be put on when getting out of the boat, flannel caps, woolen com- 
forters, flannel trousers and thin white shoes — which are perhaps 
best made of canvas and which can be pipe-clayed when dirty — worn 
over ordinary woolen socks. 

Breakfast should consist of broiled meat, such as mutton chops, 
sirloin steaks (if tender), or occasionally cold meat, cea and bread or 



30 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

toast and butter. To these may be added some cold chicken or hot 
grilled fowl — not too highly seasoned — an egg or two, if it agrees 
with the individual taking it, and apples and oranges. Brown bread 
is useful as well as white. The meat should be well cooked — just 
done to a turn, as it is commonly called, not blue or half raw, but 
yet full of gravy or natural juices ; the bread, it is perhaps unneces- 
sary to say, should invariably be stale. Two cups of tea may be 
taken ; it should not be drunk hot or too strong. Salt and pepper 
may be used to make things tasty. P'or lunch a slice or two of bread 
and butter and a glass of sherry ; but for a man in strong work such 
food is insufficient. It will be better to take a slice of cold meat, or 
a chop and bread, together with half a pint of good, sound ale or a 
little wine if used to it. 

Dinner is the most important meal in the day. Its chief founda- 
tions are beef and mutton, either in the form of roast sirloins and 
ribs of beef, or of roast legs, loins, haunches or saddles of mutton 
and mutton chops, with here and there a leg for the sake of variety. 
To these may be added roasted or boiled fowls, game, venison, etc. 
The use of laml) is good, but salted meats are forbidden and veal and 
pork are better eschewed. It may appear strange, but tiie ancient 
Greek athletes were accustomed to live a great deal on pork, which 
seems to have been to them what beef and mutton are to us. A bit of 
fish may be given with advantage. Plenty of stale bread, as well as a 
due allowance of vegetables, is indispensable. The latter include 
potatoes, corn — young greftn — cauliflower, spinach, French beans. A 
pint of sound ale will be the proper quantity, though it may now and 
then be increased to a pint and a half in summer. A light pudding 
is also welcome ; it may be varied by an occasional dish of plain 
cooked fruit. The great thing is to give the men sufficient solid food, 
but as the most vigorous appetite cannot be always enjoying simple 
meat and bread, it is proper to vary the dinner, day after day, witli 
other dishes. Bread and butter may conclude the meal, but pulled 
bread, crisply baked, is far more palatable than the crumb of an ordi- 
nary loaf. After dinner a couple of glasses of claret, sherry or port 
wine may be given to each man, accompanied by some hard, dry 
biscuit, and perhaps a jelly or an orange or two. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY, 31 

The tendency of men in training is to suffer periodical returns of 
weakness about every seven or ten days, principally because they are 
kept in too high condition and are worked too hard. A moderate 
amount of exercise, combined with a strictly regular life, ought to be 
sufficient to keep men in good health and without turning them into 
beef and mutton-eating animals. If they look fat a week before the 
race it ought to be a subject of congratulation, as the trainer can 
easily bring them down and has all the more chance of putting finish 
on them, because he can make them work more at critical periods— 
in short, he has the crew better in hand. Again, on a long course, 
it is usually strength, not the perfection of wind, that decides the 
race, for the stroke is slower than on a short one, so that it is better to 
be a'little undertrained, with strength, than overtrained, with wind. 
On the day of the match an ample meal of roast mutton, with bread 
and a half pint of beer, should be set before the me., two or three 
hours previous to starting, unless the race comes off within a reason- 
able time after any regular repast-say three hours. If too long a 
period intervenes, and yet not sufficient for a full meal, a crust of 
stale bread or a hard biscuit may be eaten, accompanied by a little 
pale brandy and cold water. The .luantity may be a wineglassful of 
one-half brandy filled up with water. Some men cannot avoid 
becoming nervous-to a greater or less extent-as the eventful 
moment approaches, and 1 know of nothing that acts more suitable 
than the above. If the race is rowed in heats, with only a brief 
interval between them, a glass of port wine and morsel of dry biscuit, 
or a cup of tea without milk or sugar, but with a teaspoonful of 
brandy in it. will be beneficially partaken of. 

It is assumed that each individual has now been educated accord- 
ing to nature, common sense and the correct principles of a trainer's 
art. When brought out to perform his long-expected task his strength 
is gathered up, his fully developed muscles are as hard as iron, his 
wind is sound, his tread elastic, his speed great, his flesh firm, his 
skin fair and clear, his face hard and healthy, though perhaps fine- 
drawn, his eyes bright and sparkling like a diamond, and his spirits 
accompanied by a proper confidence in his ability to go anywhere 
and do anything of the very best. 

These are the essentials of perfect conditions and of success. 



32 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 



Laws of Boat Racing 

OK THE 

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AMATEUR OARSMEN 

Adopted Au-ust 8, lH7:i ; Amended April, 18.%. 



STARTING. 

1. All boat races shall be started in the following man- 
ner : The Starter, on being satisfied that the competitors 
are ready, shall give the signal to start. 

2. If the Starter considers the start false, he shall at once 
recall the boats to their stations ; and any boat refusing to 
start again shall be disqualified. 

3. Any boat not at its post at the time specified shall be 
liable to be disqualified by the Umpire. 

4. The Umpire may act as Starter if he thinks fit ; where 
he does i\ot so act, the Starter shall be subject to the con- 
trol of the Umpire. 

5. Boats shall be started by their sterns, and shall have 
completed their course when their bows reach the finish. 

WATER. 

6. A boat's own water is its straight course, parallel with 
those of the other competing boats, from the station as- 
signed to it at the start to the finish, 

7. Each boat shall keep its own water throughout the 
race, and any boat departing from its own water will do so 
at its peril. 

The Umpire shall be sole judge of a boat's own water 
and proper course daring the race. 

FOULS, 

9. It shall be considered a foul, when, after the race has 
commenced, any competitor, by his oar, boat or person 



Spalding's athletic library. 33 

comes in contact with the oar, boat or person of another 
competitor ; unless, in the opinion of the Umpire, such con- 
tact is so sHght as not to influence the race. 

10. No fouling whatever shall be allowed ; the boat com- 
mitting a foul shall be disqualified. 

11. The Umpire may. during a race, caution any competi- 
tor when in danger of committing a foul. 

12. The Umpire shall decide all questions as to a foul. 

13. A claim of foul must be made to the Umpire by the 
competitor himself, and if possible, before getting out of his 
boat. 

14. In case of a foul, the Umpire shall have the power— 
(a.) To place the boats (except the boat committing the 
foul, which is disqualified), in the order in which they 
come in. (b.) To order the boats engaged in the race, 
other than the boat committing the foul, to row over again 
on the same or another day. (c.) To re-start the qualified 
boats from the place where the foul was committed. 

ACCIDENTS. 

15. Every boat shall abide by its accidents, except when 
during a race, a boat while in its own water shall be inter- 
fered with by any outside boat, the Umpire may order the 
race to be rowed over, if in his opinion, such interference 
materially aflFected its chances of winning the race. 

ASSISTANCE. 

16. No boat shall be allowed to accompany a competitor 
for the purpose of directing his course or affording him 
other assistance. The boat receiving such direction or 
assistance shall be disqualified at the discretion of the Um- 
pire. 

UMPIRE. 

17. The jurisdiction of the Umpire extends over the race 
and all matters connected with it from the time the race is 
specified to start until its final termination, and his decision 
in all cases shall be final and without appeal. 



34 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. 

i8. The Judge-at-the-Finish shall report to the Umpire 
the order in which the competing boats cross the line, but 
the decision of the race shall rest with and be declared by 
the Umpire. 

19. Any competitor refusing to abide by the decision, or to 
follow the directions of the Umpire, shall be disqualified. 

20. The Umpire, if he thinks proper, may reserve his de- 
cision, provid<;d that in every case such decision be given on 
the day of th<: race. 

21. Contestants rowing a dead heat shall compete again 
after such int.^rval as may be appointed, and the contestant 
refusing to so row shall be adjudged to have lost the race. 

TURNING RACES. 

22. In turni ig races each competitor shall have a separate 
turning stake, and shall turn from port to starboard. Any 
competitor ma** turn any stake other than his own, but does 
so at his peril, 



BATHING 5UITS 

if --^ .^ 



ANY STYLR FLJRNiSHED WITH EITHER QUARTER SLEEVE OR 
5I.EEVELESS SHIRT 





No. -,•:. 

Finest quality Worsted fashioned two piece suit with attractive 

striping. Made in following colors only : Navy trimmed Gray ; 

Gray trimmed Red; Navy trimmed White ; Navy trimmed Red. 

Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. 27. Per suit, $2.7i 

Fine quality two piece Worsted Suit fashioned. Trimmed Sliirt 

and Pants. Colors Navy and Red or Navy and White only. 

Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. 614. Per suit, $3.00 

Spaldinjj's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods 
mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDINC Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia 

ISosion _ Jialtimore Buffalo 

St. I.ouis Minneapolis Denver 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



WORSTED BATHING TRUNKS 




Worsted, full fasliiont- d, best (luality, in Navy, 

lilack, While and Maroon. 

No. 1. Price, $2.00 

Cut Worsted, iu Navy and I'.lack. 
No. 2. Price, $1.00 

COTTON BATHING TRUNKS 




No. lOlN. Fancy Stripes. Price, 25c. 
No. 173. Wide Stripes. " 35c. 

No. 371 Solid Navy P,lue. " 50c. 



A. G. SPALDING Sc BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago Philadelphia 

Boston Buffalo 

Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



BATHING SUITS 




ANY 

STYLE 

FURNISHED 

WITH EITHER 

QUARTER 

SLEEVE 

OR 

SLEEVELESS 

SHIRT 




Fine two piece Worsted Suit, good weight, striped shirt, plain 
pants, in following combinations of colors : Light Gray and Blue 
Striped Shirts, Blue Pants ; Black and Red Striped Shirts, Black 
Pants ; Blue and Red Striped Shirts, Blue Pants ; Black and 
White Striped Shirts, Black Pants; Columbia Blue and White 
Striped Shirts, Columbia Blue Pants ; Gray and Red Striped 
Shirts, Red Pants. Sizes 32 to 44. 
No. 420W. Per suit, $2.75 

Finest quality full fashioned Worsted two piece suit. Colors 

(iray and Red, Navy and White, Black and Orange only. 

Trimmed Shirt and Pants. Sizes, 28 to 44. 

No. 160. Per suit, $3.75 

Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods 
mailed free to any address. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago 

Boston 

Minneapoli 



Philadelphia 
Buffalo 
Kansas City 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can 



London, England 



BATHING SUITS 

Any style furnisher' with either quarter 
sleeve or sJeeveless shirt 



Two piece Cotton Bathing 
Suit, in Navy Blue with either 
red or white trimmings ; plain 
pants. Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. 606. 

Per suit, 

$1.00 




No. 006 



Two piece finest quality 
Cotton Bathing Suit; trimmed 
pantg and shirts. Colors Navy 
and Red, or Navy and White 
onjy. Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. 608. Per suit, $1.50 




No. 008 



Spalding's illustrated catalogue of athletic goods mailed 
free to any address. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo 

Denvei Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



BATHING SUITS 



\| liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 

'"'^lilllllillllilllllillliHllillllllllllll 

iuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil 

talllII(lllll(l)llll(l(l!lliL'l!IIIIIIIIII!ll'i 




No. 28 



Two piece Cotton Bathing Suit, latest style; shirts 
striped, pants plain, in following combinations: Red 
and Black Striped Shirts, Black Pants; Royal Blue and 
Black Striped Shirts, Black Pants; Cardinal and White 
Striped Shirts, Cardinal Pants; Maroon and Blue 
Striped Shirts, Maroon Pants; Orange and Black 
Striped Shirts, Black Pants; Royal Blue and White 
Striped Shirts, Royal Blue Pants. Sizes ^2 to 44. 
No. 400. Per suit, $1.25 

Finest quality Cotton two piece suit, with mer- 
cerized silk trimming. Fashioned to shape of body. 
Made in following colors only: Navy trimmed Red, 
Navy trimmed White. Sizes 28 to 44. 
No. 28. Per suit, $l.50 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New Vork 
Boston 
St. Louis 



Chicago 

Baltimore 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 

Buffalo 

Denvei 



London, England 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



One=Piece Bathing Suits 





No. 743 



No. 50 



Hen's Sizes. 



32 to 44 inch chest. Fancy stripes, assorted patterns. Button in 

front. 
No. 743. Price, 75c. 

Boys' Sizes. 

24 to 32 inch chest. Fancy stripes, variety of patterns. Button 
in front. 
No. 521B. Price, 75c. 
One-piece Sleeveless Cotton Bathing Suit, solid Navy Blue. But- 
ton at shoulder, 
No, 50. Price, 75c. 

Send for Spalding's illustrated catalogue of athletic goods. 
Mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England. 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal Can. 



BATH I NQ SU ITS 




(lll''''"'"i"iillll||||Bf||pP , 



^"^^i;,,J CH 



Any 

Style 

Furnished 

With Either 

Quarter 

Sleeve 

or 

Sleeveless 

Shirt 




No. 111. Xo. no. 

Worsted, full fashioned, best quality, in Navy, Black 

or Maroon. Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. no. Per suit, $4.50 

Striped Worsted, same quality as our No. no, with 

stripes around sleeve and bottom of shirt and pants. 

Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. UK Per suit, $5.00 

Cut Worsted, line quality two piece suit, in Navv, 

Black or Maroon. Sizes 28 to 44. 

No. 600. Per suit, $2.50 

Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods 
mailed free to any address. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis I'oston Buffalo I'.altimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can 

London, England 



i 


^ 


Essig's Swimming Jackets 


fh 


i'^'^r\ 


and Collars 




l^^^k 


The I,arge Jacket Will Float 


Any Size Person. 


(^Pl 


I^H^^ 


The covering for these jackets 


and collars is a 


VvJ 


^my" 


close woven canvas. The stuffing 


is the best quality 




ground cork. After the jacket an 


1 collars are prop- 




^^B 


erly stuffed they are put through a 


process of water- 




3^9b 


proofing. They will not soak up 


water as an ordi- 




^^^8 


nary life preserver, but will alway 


s remain buoyant. 




W^m 


An invaluable device for learning 


swim. 




j^y 


No. I. Jacket for Adults, 


weight, 




^P 


2 3-4 lbs. 


Each, $2.00 




'It 


No. 2. Jacket forChildren, 


^ 




n 


weight, I 1-2 lbs., $1.75 


J^V 


% 


\1|/ 


No. 3. Collars for Adults i 


/^k\ 


^JiL 


or Children. . $1.00 1 


A^r\ 


Rubber Pneumatic Jackets 


ffff 




and 


Collars 


|Jl|^ 


Made of 


the best qua 


lity rubber and fitted with 


LOmid 




valve for inflating. 


|HH| 


No. iP. 


Jacket for Adults. . Each, ^5.00 


|B|||li 


No. 2P. 


Jacket for Children. . " 4.50 


j^H'Hm 


No. 15. 


Collars, all s 


izes. . «' 2.00 


5MSB 


Spald 


ing's illustrated 


catalogue of athletic goods 


- m. 




mailed free 


to any address. 


%^ 




An C. 


SPALDING & BROS. 




New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 


Chicago Philadelphia 
Boston Buffalo 
Minneapolis Kansas City 
London, England 


San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



BICYCLES 



AND 



Bicycle Sundries 



THE LARGEST RETAILERS 
IN AMERICA OF 

HIGH GRADE BICYCLES 



BICYCLE SUNDRIES OF 
EVERY DESCRIPTION 



Everything for the cyclist Pumps, 
Lamps, Bells, Saddles and Tires 

CYCL15T5' RACING SUITS 



A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. 



New York 
St. Couis 
Denver 



Chicago 

Boston 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 
I'.uffalo 
Kansas City- 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



r 



^mmmii^if^mH^iiWti^H^m^MMMM^^^i^ii^mm•\^Mt 



§ 



Spalding^s 
Home Library 

Devoted to Games and Amusements 
for the Home Circle. 



J 


Chess 


lb 


Piquet 


2 


Whist 


17 


Gc-Bang 


3 


Dominoes and Dice 18 


Games of Patience 


4 


Poker 


i9 


Children's Games 


5 


Backgammon 


20 


Cribbage 


6 


Euchre 


21 


Drawing Room Games 


7 


Billiards 


22 


Group of Card Games 


8 


Ecarte 


23 


Children*s Games '■ 


9 


Checkers 


24 


Group of Card Games 


10 


Bezique 


25 


Drawing Room Games 


n 


Pool 


26 


Group of Card Games 


12 


Pinochle 


27 


Children's Games 


13 


Lotto 


28 


Skat 


J4 


Hearts 


29 


Drawing Room Games 


15 


Reversi 


30 


Baccarat 




PRICE TEN 


CENTS PER COPY 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Boston Baltimore Buffalo Kansas City 

St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



^ 



^>WWVWWMMWMWA^MW#^WMRWWWWW^WRW^WMWWW1 



'w§ 





^peni iinutes txercise 

D* Luther Guiick for Busy flcn 

Dr. Gulick says: "The experi- 
ence of years has demonstrated the 
efficiency of the exercises contained 
in ' Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy 
Men ' in securing the ends for w '.:ich 
they were devised. Many letters 
liave been written by men, testifying 
to the great benefit which they have 
secured from these few minutes of 
simple hut vigorous work. 

I, :4c * * 'pj^g correspondence 
schools of physical training have 
come into great activity. Their 
general aim is to build up big mus- 
cles. A somewhat careful investi- 
gation of them satisfies me that they 
are inferior to the exercises in this 
drill for purposes of building up 
vigor and manliness. 

" One of the most vigorous claims 
of some of these schools, namely, 
that the heart particularly is bene- 
fited by their work, is false, for I 
have had case after case of men 
whose hearts have been injured by 
taking the correspondence schools' 
work when they were not in condi- 
tion for it. 

" The exercises in • Ten Minutes* 
Exercise for Busy Men ' are recom- 
mended with the confidence of long, 
successful use. The results secured 
are better than those possible from 
the correspondence school work in 
the specific directions mentioned." 




PRICE BY 

MAIL 
lo CENTS 

American 

Sports 

Publishinf 

Co. 

16^18 Park 

Place 
New York 



Spalding's Olympic Discus 




An exact reproduction of the discus used in the Olympic games at 

Athens, Greece, by Robert Garrett, of Princeton, the winner. 

Guaranteed absolutely correct. 

OLYMPIC DISCUS. EACH, $5.00 



Selected Spruce Vaulting Poles 

No. 100 8 feet long, solid. Each, $3.00 

No. 101. 10 feet long, solid. " 4.00 

No. 102. 12 feet long, solid. " 5.00 

No. 103. 14 feet long, solid. " 6.00 

Hollow Spruce Poles 

Considerably lighter than the solid poles, and 
the special preparation with which we fill the 
interior of pole greatly increases the strength 

and stiffness. 
No. 200. 8 feet long, hollow. Each, $8.00 
No. 201. 10 feet long, hollow. " 8.50 

No. 202. 12 feet long, hollow. " 9.00 

No. 203. 14 feet long, hollow. " 9.50 



Lanes for Sprint Races 

A lane can be made of iron stakes driven 
in the ground about eighteen inches apart 
and strung with cords. Stakes of J^-inch 
round steel, two feet in height, with one end 
pointed, and pigtail hook on other end to 
hold cord. 

100 stakes, with cord for same. $40.00 




A. C. SPALDING &. BROS. 



New York 


Chicago 


Philadelphia 


St. Louis 


Boston 


Buffalo 


Denver 


Minneapolis 


Kansas City 
London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 




The discus, shot and weights are thrown from the 7-foot circle. Made 
of one-piece band iron, with bolted joints. Circle painted white. 

SEVEN-FOOT CIRCLE. EACH, $8.00 
TAKE-OFF BOARD 



.^^^^ 



:is,,f \ 



The take-off board is used for the running broad jump, and is a neces- 
sary adjunct to the athletic field. Regulation size, top painted white. 

TAKE-OFF BOARD. EACH, $1.75 
TOP-BOARD OR STOP-BOARD 




The toe-board or stop-board is used when putting the 16-lb. shot, 

throwing weights and discus, and is curved on the arc of a 7-foot 

circle. Regulation size, painted white and substantially made. 

TOE-BOARD. EACH, $2.00 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago 

Boston 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 
Buffalo 
Kansas City 
London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



Vaulting Standards 




No. 109. Wooden uprights, graduated in quarter ^ 1 '^ OO 

inches; adjustable to 11 feet. . Complete, *P * ^ '^^ 

No. 110. Wooden uprights, inch graduations; irk f\(\ 

adjustable to 10 feet. . . • . Complete, tvf.W 

No. 111. Wooden uprights, inch graduations; 'T (\f\ 

7 feet high. Complete, /•vrvf 



CROSS BARS 



No. 1 12. Hickory Cross Bar. 
No. 113. Pine Cross Bar. . 



Per doz., $3.00 
2.00 



A. G. SPALDING &, BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia 

St. Louis ]')Oston Buffalo 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City- 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



Foster's 
Patent Safety Hurdle 




The frame is 2 feet 6 inches high, with a horizontal 
rod passing through it 2 feet above the ground.^ The 
hurdle is a wooden gate 2 feet high, swinging on 
this rod at a point 6 inches from one of the sides and 
i8 inches from the other. With the short side up it 
measures 2 feet 6 inches from the ground, and with 
the long side up 3 feet 6 inches. The hurdle can be 
changed from one height to the other in a few 
seconds, and is held firmly in either position by a 
thumb-screw on the rod. It would be hard to con- 
ceive any device more simple or more easily handled 
than this. The invention was used exclusively at 
the Pan-American sports and has met with the 
approval of the best known physical directors and 
trainers of the country. 

Single Hurdle, $ 3.50 
Per Set of Forty, lOO.OO 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago 
Boston 
Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 
Huffalo 
Kansas City 
London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



Spalding's 

Championship 

Hammer 



BalUBearing 

Swivel 



No. 02. 
No. 06. 



12-lb., with Sole Leather Case. 
16-lb., with Sole Leather Case. 





The Spalding 
Championship 
Hall Hearing 
Hammer, origi- 
nally designed 
by John Flana- 
gan, champion 
of the world, 
has been highly 
endorsed only 
after repeated 
trials in cham- 
pionship events. 
The benefits of 
the ball-bearing construction will be quickly appre- 
ciated by all hammer throwers. Each hammer put 
up complete in sole leather carrying case. 

No. 02X. 12-lb., without Sole Leather Case. $10 00 
No. 06X. 16-lb., without Sole Leather Case. 10.00 



A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. 



New York 
Philadelphia 
Buffalo 
Minneapolis 



Chicago 
St. Louis 
Baltimore 
Kansas City 
London, England 



San Francisco 
Boston 
Denver 
Montreal, Can. 



CHAnOIS PUSHERS 




Made of fine chamois skin an 



jumping an 



d oth< 



d used with riinniii.i;, walking, 
ithlelic shoes. 



No. 5. Chamois Pushers. Per pair, 25c. 



ATH LETIC QRI PS 




Made of selected cork and .haped m tU the hollow of the hand. 

No. I. Athletic Crips. Per pair, (5c. 



COnPETlTORS' NUHBERS 



Printed an heavv Manila Paper or Strong Linen _ 

Manila l.inen 



No. 1. 1 to 50. 

No. 2. 1 to 75. 

No. 3. 1 to 100. 

No. 4. 1 to 150. 

No. 5. 1 to 200. 

No. 6. 1 to 250. 



Per set, $ .50 $ 2.50 

.75 3,75 

" 1.00 5.00 

1.50 7.50 

2.00 10.00 

2.50 12.50 



3 



New York 
Boston 
St. Louis 



A. C. SPALDINC A BROS. 

Chicago Philadelphia 

Baltimore Buffalo 

Minneapolis Denver 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



RUNNING PANTS 




No. I. White or Black Sateen, fly front, 

lace back . . . Per pair, $1.25 
No. 2. White or Black Sateen, fly front, 

lace back . . . Per pair, $1 .00 
No. 3. White or P.lack Sateen, fly front, 

lace back ... Per pair, 75c. 
No. 4. White or Black Silesia, fly front. 

lace back . . . Per pair, 50c. 


Stripes down sides 
of any of these run- 
ning pants, 25 cents 
per pair extra. 

e of athletic goods 


Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogn 
mailed free to any address 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago 

Boston 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 
Buffalo 
Kansas City 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



London, England 





SLEEVELESS 
SHIRTS 

Cut Worsted, full 
fashioned, Navy, 
Black and Maroon. 

No. 600. Each, $1.25 

Sanitary Cotton, 

White, Navy, Black, 

Maroon. 

Each 



No. 6E 



50c. 



QUARTER 
SLEEVESHIRTS 

Cut Worsted, full 
fashioned. Navy, 
Black and Maroon. 

No. 601, Each, $1,25 

Sanitary Cotton, 

White, 'Navy, Black 

and Maroon. 

No. 6F, Each, 50c. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York Chicago Philadelphia 

St. Louis Boston P.uffalo 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Balitmore 
Montreal, Can. 



Runnin g 
Shoes 



This running shoe is made of 

the finest kangaroo 

eather ; extremely light and 

glove fitting; best English steel 

spikes firml}' riveted on. 

No. 2=0 
Per pair, $5.00 



Runni ng 
Shoes 



Finest Calfskin Running Shoe; 

ight weight, hand made, six 

spikes. 

No. 10 
Per pair, $4.00 



Spalding's handsomelv illustrated catalogue of athletic goods 
mailed free to any address 




New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



A. C. SPALDING &, BROS. 

Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Bcston Buffalo Baltimore 

Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



Spalding's 
Cross Country Shoes 




Finest kangaroo leather ; low broad heel, 

flexible shank, hand-sewed ; six spikes on 

sole ; with or without spikes on heel. 

No. I4C. Per pair, $5.00 



A. C. SPALDING <&, BROS. 



New York Chicago Philadelphia 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England 



San P'rancisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



Spalding's Jumping 
and Hurdling Shoes 




Jumping and Hurdling Shoe; fine kanga- 
roo leather, hand-made ; two spikes on 
heel. 

No. 14H. Per pair, $5.00 



A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



Running 
Shoes 



Calfskin Running Shoe, 
machine made; solid 
leather tap sole holds 
spikes firmly in place. 

No. IIT 
Per pair, $3.50 




Running 
Shoes 



Calfskin Ruaning Shoe 
maehinc made. 



No. 11 
Per pair, $3,00 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New Yor': 
Boston 
St. Louis 



L=^ 



Chicago 

Baltimore 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 

Huffalo 

Denver 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



London, England 



Indoor Running Shoes 




. . . . With or Without Spilces ... 

Fine leather, iul)ber tipped sole, with spikes. 

No. III. Per pair, $3.50 

Leather shoe, rubber tipped, with spikes. 

No. I 12. Per pair, $3.00 

Leather shoe, rubber tipped, no spikes. 

No. I 14. Per pair, $2.50 

Indoor Jumping 5hoes 

Best Leather Indoor Jumping Shoe; hand made, rubber soles. 

No. 2IO. Per pair, $5.00 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia 

Boston Baltimore Buffalo 

St. Louis Minneapolis Denver 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



Spalding's l^^ Jumping 
==— Shoes — — 



r 




Made on same principle as our patented running shoe but 
with two spikes in heel. This heel is made of rubber and 
acts as a perfect cushion, stopping all jar, thus doing away 
with disadvantage possessed by ordinary jumping shoes. 

No. 15H. Per pair, $5.00 

Same as No. 15H, but short spikes, for indoor jumping. 

No. 110. Per pair, $5.00 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago 

I'.oston 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 
Buffalo 
Kansas City 
London, England 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



Spalding's ^.^ Running 

^-=^=- Shoes ^ 



r 





We believe, i.n this shoe all the various difliciilties ex- 
perienced in manufacturing a satisfactory running slioe 
in the past have been overcome. First of all, you have 
here a slioe in which the spikes cannot by any possibil- 
ity come in contact with the foot; then you have a rub- 
ber sole that is an assistance, in that it is partly under- 
neath the spike, and therefore acts in the natuie of a 
cusiiion. Above all, our patented principle in this shoe enables us to 
place the spikes so that they will not come loose after being wet, as water 
lias no effect on the rubber sole. We also claim that on account of the 
non-slippable purchase a runner obtains with this sole, he is able to 
make a quicker start than is possible with a shoe of ordinary construc- 
tion, and this fact has been demonstrated conclusively by those who 
have already tried our shoe and who pronounce it perfect in all respects. 

No. O. Per Pair, $5.00 



Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of athletic goods 
mailed free to any address 



A. C. SPALDING &, BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 






HOW TO BECOME A BOXER 

For many years publications have 
been issued on the art of boxing that 
to a certain extent did not enable the 
novice nor the youtli to become pro- 
ticient in the manly art. There is 
])robably no man in America better 
qualified to teach boxing than Prof, 
William Elmer, and in his book on 
the subject he goes into it very ex- 
haustively. The book contains about 
seventy full page illustrations, show- 
ing how each blow is to be made, 
how to attack and how to defend 
yourself. It shows how the hands 
must be held and the positions to 
take, with descriptions that are so 
accurate that any boy can take them, 
open them up and with a young friend 
become proficient. Besides being a 
fully illustrated book on the art of 
self-defence, it contains nearly all 
the photographs of the leading Amer- 
ican boxers and the positions they 
take, which in itself is instructive ; 
the different rules under which all 
contests are held, and articles which 
will interest anyone on the question 
of physical education. In order to 
make this publication the most ac- 
curate one issued. Prof. Elmer had 
his sparring partner posed personally 
for all the illustrations. 

PRICE BY MAIL lo CENTS. 

American Sports Publishing Co. 

16-18 Park Place, New York. 




From 

Champion 

Jeffries 



A. G. Spalding & Bros. 

Gentlemen— I wish to thank 
you for the perfect shoes and 
boxing gloves that you fur- 
nished me for my fight witli 
Mr. Fitzsimmons, and also to 
give you my indorsement for 
the superb quality of these 
goods. I shall expect to use 
them in all my future contests. 
Yours very truly. 



Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue 
of athletic sports. Mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Boston Baltimore Buffalo Kansas City 

St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



HOW TO PUNCH 
THE BAG 




BV 

YOUNG CORBETT 

(W. H. ROTHWELL) 

The most complete book on 
bag punching ever written. 
All the various movements 
clearly explained and illus- 
trated. The photographs 
were taken especially for 
this book at Young Corbett's 
training quarters in New 
York, and cannot be seen 

elsewhere. 

Fancy bag punching described 

by W. F. Keller, champion 

fancy bag puncher. 

PRICE TEN CENTS 



A. C. SPALDING Sl BROS. 

Chicago Philadelphia 

Baltimore P.uffalo 

Minneapolis Denver 

London, England 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



YOUTHS' GLOVES 




No. 45. Youths' Championship Glove, Corbett pattern, fine quality 

olive tanned leather, extra well finished and double stitched. 

Patent palm lacing and patent palm grip. . Per set, $2.50 
No. 35. Youths' size, Corbett pattern, soft craven tan leather, well 

padded, patent palm lacing and patent palm grip. Per set, $2.00 
No. 30. Youths' size, Corbett pattern, soft tanned leather, patent 

palm lacing Per set, $1.75 

No. 25. Youths' size, regular pattern, soft tanned leather, patent 

palm lacing Per set, $1.25 

No. 26. Youths' size, regular pattern, dark tanned leather, elastic 

wristband Per set, $1.00 

Handsomely illustrated catalogue mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 


Chicago Philadelphia 


Boston 


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St. I^ouis 


Minneapolis Denver 




London, England 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



Spalding^s New Regulation 
Hammer With 
Wire Handles 



LEAD 

12-11). Lead, Practice. 

No. 9. Each, $4.25 

i6-lb Lead, Regulation. 

No. 10. Each, $4.50 

IRON 

No. 14. 12-11). Iron. Practice. Each, $3.00 
No. 15. i6-lb. Iron, Regulation. '• 3.25 



EXTRA WIRE HANDLES 



No. 6H. For above Hammers. 



Lach, 50c. 



SHOT 



No. 19. i6-lb. Lead. 

No. 21 . I2-Ib. Lead. 

No. 23. i6-lb. Iron. 

No. 25. I2-Ib. Iron. 




liandsomely illustrated catalogue mailed free to anj' addi 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philatlelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




Spalding's 

Regulation 

56=Ib.Weights 

Made after model sub- 
mitted by Champion 
J. S. Mitchel, and en- 
dorsed by all weight 
throwers. Packed in 
box and guaranteed 
correct in weight and 
in exact accordance 
with rules of A. A. U. 

Iron 56-lb. weights. 
No. I. Complete, $7.00 

Lead 56-lb. weights. 
No. 2. Complete, $8.50 



Indoor Shot £ 

With Our Improved Leather Cover. 



No. 3. 
No. 4. 



I2-iD. 

i6-lb. 



$7.00 
8.50 




Handsome 



ly illustrated catalogue mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago Philadelphia 

Boston Buffalo 

Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, Eniiland 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



"How to Play Foot Ball 

(SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 183) 

NEW EDITION 

Edited by Walter Camp 




Position of quarter about to deliver the ball to the 
full-back, for a play between centre and left guard. 

Contains "An Introductory Chapter for Beginners," " How to 
Pl.iy P'oot Ball," " Tackleback Formation — Modern Play," by 
Walter Camp; " Defence," by Lewis of Harvard; " How to 
Play Quarterback," by deSaulles of Yale, and "How Signals 
are Given." by Hogan and Rockwell of Yale, an elaborate 
treatise illustrated with many diagrams showing the plays. 
Over thirty pages of illustrations. Price ic cents. 

For sale by all newsdealers and 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 

i6 AND i8 Park Place, New York 




The Spalding "OfficiaF' 
Basket Ball 

Officially adopted and must be used in all match games. 
The cover is made in eight sections, with capless ends 
and of the finest and most carefully selected pebble grain 
leather The bladder is made specially for this ball, of 
extra quality Para rubber. Each Ijall packed, complete, 
in sealed box, and guaranteed perfect in every detail. 

No. M. ''Official" Basket Ball. $5.00 



Extracts From Oflacial Rule Book 

RULJ-: II.— 15 ALL 
Sec. 3. The ball made by A. Cx. SPALDING & BROS, 
shall be the official ball. Official balls will be stamped 
as herewith, and will be in sealed boxes. 

Sec. 4. The official ball must be used in all match 
games. 

RULE III.— GOALS 

Sec. 3. The goal made by A. G. SPALDING & BROS, 
shall be the official goal. 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England 




'^flE Spalding League Ball has been the Official Ball of the 

^^ National League for over a quarter of a century, and must ]>e 

used in all games. It is also used exclusively by all the leading 

colleges and athletic clubs. 

When buying athletic goods always insist upon seeing the Spalding trade-mark 
and do not be persuaded to accept something offered as "just as good." 

Handso7nely illustrated catalogue mailed J ree to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
Boston 
St. Louis 



Chicago 

Baltimore 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 

Buffalo 

Denver 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



London, England 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



ARE THE LARGEST MANUFACTURERS IN 
THE WORLD OF GYMNASTIC APPARATUS 



U 



They have equipped nearly all 
the large college gymnasiums as 
well as schools^ athletic clubs and 
public playgrounds. Spalding's 
apparatus is standard in every 
way. The greatest care is taken 
in its construction. Only the 
finest material is used. The 
construction is intelligently and 
correctly supervised by mecha nical 
experts of high standing. It is 
immaterial how large or small 
the gymnasium is, Spalding's 
should be consulted. Blue prints 
and estimates furnished fre^ on 
application. 



rr 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

Gymnasium Factory : 

CHICOPEE FALLS .... MASS. 



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A. C. SPALDINC & BROS. { 


New York Chicago 
Boston Baltimore 
St. I^uis Minneapolis 
Montreal. Can. 


Philadelphia San Francisco 
Buffalo Kansas City 
Denver Washington 
London, England 



The Spacing Mushroom Bat 

Patented 

In this bat a principle lias been utilized which 
makes a bat of the same weight many times 
more effective than the ordinary style under 
certain conditions, and as an all-around bat we 
have received many letters from prominent 
players testifying to the good points of its con- 
struction. Timber is the same as that used in 
our best "Autograph" bats. The knob arrange- 
ment at the end enables us to get a more even 
distribution of weight than is possible under 
the old construction, and for certain kinds of 
play the bat is practically invaluable. 

The Spalding Mushroom Bat. Each, $1.00 

For ;i l..n,u' tiiii.- I li;iv.- l.r, u Iryiiifi to iuiil ;i bat that 
would lialancc when chokiiif;. Not diitil I ust'd the Mush- 
room Bat, invented by .Tack I'ickett. have I found a bat 
I i|l9 that \va.s up to my idea. This bat is used exclusively by 
^^IH the New York players. Yours truly, 

fllB .JOHN .T. McGRAW. 

Manager New York B. B. Club. 
In all my experience as a bas«> ball i)layer I have not 
found a more satisfactory base ball bat than the Spaldiufj 
Mushroom Bat. The timber is the best I have seen; the 
balance and model of the bat are perfect. 

Yours truly. .JAMES J. CALLAHAN. 

Mauager-Captaiu Chicago American League Club. 
I have played professional base ball for the last fifteen 
years and have tried all kinds of bats, but no bat has 
given me such good service as the Spalding ;Mushroom Bat, 
introduced bv .Tack IMckett. Quality and Iialance are per- 
fect. Yours truly, WM. (JLEASON, 

Captain Philadelphia National League B. B. Club. 
The Spalding Mushroom Rat, introduced by .Tack Pickett, 
receives my hearty endorsement. My experience as a ball 
player enaldes me to thoroughly appreciate its good (luali- 
ties. Yours truly. CHAS. A. COMISKEY. 

President Chicago American L<'ague Club. 
In all of our experience as base ball players we have 
not found a bat more satisfactory than the Spalding Mush- 
room Bat, inti-oduced bv .Tack Pickett. 
.TAS V. SLAGLE, D. .TONES, J. MCCARTHY, 

J. KLING, .TOHN EVERS, DR. J. P. CASEY, 

F. L. CHANCE, JOE TINKER, 

Of Chicago National League Club. 



A. C. SPALDINC & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Boston Baltimore Buffalo Kansas City 

St. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



THE SPALDING 

"GOLD MEDAL" RACKET 



ABSOLUTELY PERFECTION 




Enclosed in mackintosh cover. Tag attached to each racket gives 

particulars of special inspection. 

The Spalding Gold Medal Racket, $8.00 

With cane handle, r,() cents extra 




The SpaMina Championship Tennis Ball 

The quality of this ball is absolutely best. It is as near perfect as it 
is possible to turn out a manufactured article, and, as with every- 
thing else on which we place our trade-mark, there is a positive guar- 
antee of reliability and satisfaction with every one. 

Perfect Inflation. Perfect Covering. Perfect Sewing. 

No. 00. The Spaldina Championship Tennis Ball. Per dozen, $1^.00 

Spalding's Tournament Tennis Ball 

Is the equal of any of the so-called championship balls made up by 
others in imitation of our best grade. Uniform in quality and care- 
fully constructed throughout. Regulation size and weight; fine felt 
cover. 

No. 0. Per dozen, $3.50 



Spalding's Vantage Tennis Ball 



No. 1. A good felt covered ball. 



Per dozen, $3.00 



SPALDING &. BROS. 



New York 
Boston 
St. Louis 



Chicago 

Baltimore 

Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 

Buffalo 

Denver 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



London, England 



Wooden Exercising Rings 

Made of three thicknesses of black walnut and maple 
a^lued together, with grain crossing. 

No. i . Per pair, 75c. 

Made of one piece of solid maple, 
nicely finished. 

No. 2. Per pair, 50c. 





Single Trapeze 

Complete for home use. Prices, including 8 feet 
of rope or less : 

No. I. 2 >2 -foot bar. . Each, $3,00 

No. 2. 3 '' '• . . . " 3,25 

No. 3. :}T< '• •' ^' 3.50 

Trapeze Bars, Without Rope 



aH)»- 



No. f . Length, 2^A feet, bars only. Each, $1.25 
No. 2. " 3 " " ' '' I.50 

No. 3, " y/2 " " " 1.75 

Handsomely illustrated catalogue mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

St. Louis Boston Buffalo Baltimore 

Denver Minneapolis Kansas City Montreal, Can. 

London, England. 



Swinging Rings 



Made of japanned iron, 8 inches in 
diameter, outside measurement. 

Complete for Home Use 

No. I . With s-lbot ropes. $3.00 

No. 2. " 6-foot " 3.25 

No. 3. " 7-foot " 3.50 

No. 4. •' 8-foot " 3,75 

Leatlier covered, $1.50 per pair extra. 



Swinging Rings 

Without Ropes and Clamps 



D. No. to. 0-inc 
I No. 20. 8 inc 
I No. 30. loinc 
f Leather covered. 




Handsomely illustrated catalogue mailed free to any address. 



A. C. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
Boston 
St. Louis 



Chicago 

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Minneapolis 



Philadelphia 

I'.uffalo 

Denver 



San Francisco 
Kansas City 
Montreal, Can. 



L'ndon, England 



Spalding s Squash Tennis 




N ). 16. 

Squash Tennis Racket. 
Each, $3.00 

No. 9. 

Squash Tennis Balls, Championship 

quality; felt covered; White, 

lUack or Red. 

Per doz., $4.00 

Spalding's complete catalogue of all athletic 

sports is free to anyone 

who asks for it. 




Send for Spalding's handsomely illustrated catalogue of tennis and 
otlier sports. Mailed free to any address. 



A. G. SPALDING &, BROS. 

Chicago Philadelphia 

Boston Buffalo 

Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



San Francisco 
Baltimore 
Montreal, Can. 



Quarter Sleeve Shirts 






(| Cut Worsted, Navy, Black, 
p Maroon. 

No. 601. Each, $1.25 



Sanitary Cotton. White, Navy 
Bhick, Maroon. 

No. 6F. Each, 50c. 



Sleeveless Shirts 



Cut Worsted. Navy, Black, 
Maroon. 

No. 600. Each, $1.25 

Sanitary Cotton. White, Navy, 
Black, Maroon. 

No. 6E. Each, 50c. 

Sleeveless Shirts. Same colors as 
Jerseys. 

No. I2ES. Each, $l.50 




A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
St. Louis 
Denver 



Chicago Philadelphia 

Boston Buffalo 

Minneapolis Kansas City 

London, England 



San Francisco 
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Montreal, Can. 



''Physical Training Simplified" 

..SERIES.. 



By PROF. EDWARD B. WARMAN 

Author of " Practical Ortluepy and Critique;" 
"Gestures and Attitudes;" " Delsarte Phiioso- 
pliy;" "The Voice — How to Train It, How to 
Care for It;" "Plow to Read, Recite and Im- 
personate." 

A Complete Course of Physical Training 
for Home Use— In Four Series. 



No. 149 — Spalding's Athletic Pihrary. 
Cake of the Body. Price 10 cents. 



TllK 



No. 142 — Sprdding's Athletic Library. 
Physical Training; complete, thorough, 
practical; no ajiparatus. Pully adapted for 
both sexes. Price lo cents. 

No. 166 — Spalding's Athletic Library. In- 
dian Cluh Exercises. Price 10 cents. 

No. 185 — Spalding's Athletic Library. 
Health Influenced by Underwear; 
1 1 EALTH Influenced by Insulation; Health 
Influenced by Color; Exercise — Who 
Needs It? Price 10 cents. 



These books form a complete course 
in physical development for any man or 
woman, and should be read by all who 
desire a perfect body. 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 



New York 
Boston _ 
St. Louis 



Chicasjo Philadelphia 


San Francisco 


r.altimore Buffalo 


Kansas City 


Minneapolis Denver 


Montreal, Can 


London, England 





SPALDING'S 

ATHLETIC Library 



Spalding's Athletic Library is devoted to all athletic 
sports and pastimes, indoor and outdoor, and is the 
recognized American cyclopedia of sports. Each book 
is complete in itself ; and those sports that are governed 
by National Associations always designate Spalding's 
Athletic Library as the official publication. This gives 
to each book the official authority to contain the rules. 
Each year the books are brought up-to-date, with the 
latest rules, new ideas, new pictures, and valuable 
information, thus making the series the most valuable of 
its kind in the world. The price, lo cents per copy, 
places them in the reach of all, and no one's library 
can be complete unless all numbers are found therein. 





m ATHLETIC 




LIBRARY m 




No. 12. Association Foot Ball. 

Contains valuable informatit)n, diagram of play, and rules, 
lo cents. 



Price 



tion. 
Price 



3. Ho.v to Play Hand Ball. 

I>y the world's champion, Michael Egan, of Jersey 
City. This book has been rewritten and brought up 
to date in every particular. Every move is thoroughly 
explained. The numerous illustrations consist of full 
pages made from photographs of Champion Egan, 
showing him in all his characteristic attitudes when 
Inlaying. These pictures were made exclusively for 
this book and cannot be found in any other publica- 
This is undoubtedly the best work on hand ball ever published, 
lo cents. 




No. 14. Curling. 
Rules, regulations and diagrai 



of play. Price lo cents. 



No. 16. How to Become a Skater. 

]]y Geo. I). Phillips, for years the American cham- 
pion. Contains chapter for boys and advice for 
beginners ; how to become a figure skater thoroughly 
explained, with many diagrams showing how to do 
all the different tricks of the best figure skaters, 
including the Mohawk, with all its variations ; Q's, 
forward and backward, inside and outside ; the cross- 
cuts, including the difficult Swedish style ; inside and outside spins ; 
the grapevine, with its numerous branches, and many other styles, 
which will be comparatively simple to any one who follows the direc- 
tions given. Price lo cents. 




No. 23. Canoeing. 

By C, Bowyer Vaux Paddling, sailing, cruising and racing canoes 
and their uses. Price lo cents. 

No. 27. College Athletics. 

M. C. Murphy, the well-known athletic 
trainer, now with Yale University, the author 
of this book, has written it especially for the 
schoolboy and college man, but it is invaluable 
for the athlete who wishes to excel in any branch 
of athletic sport. Price lo cents. 




ATHLETIC 





No. 29. Exercising With Pulley Weights. 

By Dr. Henry S. Anderson. In conjunction 
with a chest machine anyone with this boolc can 
become perfectly developed. Contains all the 
various movements necessary to become proficient 
and of well-developed physique. Thoroughly 
explained and illustrated with numerous drawings. 
Price lo cents. 

No. 39. Lawn Bowls. 

The ancient game, which has achieved 
considerable popularity in America, is fully 
described by Henry Chadwick. Contains 
an account of the introduction of the game 
in America and the official rules as promul- 
gated by the Scottish Bowling Association. 
Price lo cents. 
Archery. 

By J. S. Mitchel. An introductory chapter on 
the use of the bow and arrow ; archery of the 
present day ; the bow and how to use it, Mith 
practical illustrations on the right and wrong 
method of aiming. Price lo cents. 

No. 55. Official Sporting Rules. 

Contains rules for the government of many sports not found in 
other publications ; wrestling, cross-country running, shuffleboard, 
skating, snowshoeing, quoits, potato racing, professional racing, 
racquets, pigeon flying, dog racing, pistol and revolver shooting. 
Price 10 cents. 

No. 66. Technical Terms of Base 

Ball. 
Compiled by Henry Chadwick, the 
'•Father of liase Ball." It is one of 
the most useful and instructive works 
ever issued by the veteran writer. It is 
valuable not only to the novice but also 
to the expert. Price lo cents. 
No. 87. The Athletic Primer. 

Edited by J. E. Sullivan, Secretary-Treasurer 
of the Amateur Athletic Union ; tells how to or- 
ganize an athletic club, how to conduct an athletic 
meeting, and gives rules for the government of 
athletic meetings ; contents also include a very 
instructive article on training ; fully illustrated. 
Price lo cents. 





ATHLETIC 




No. 102. Ground Tumbling. 

By Prof. Henry Walter Worth, who was for years physical director 
of the Armour Institute of Technology. Any boy, by reading this 
book and following the instructions, which are drawn from life, can 
become a proficient tumbler. Price lo cents. 

No. 104. The Grading of Gymnastic Exercises. 

By G. M. Martin. Physical Director of the V. M. C. A. of Youngs- 
town, Ohio. It is a book that should lie in the hands of every 
physical director of the Y. M. C. A., school, club, college, etc. It 
is the official standard publication and should be used by them. 
Price lo cents. 

No. 124. How to Become a Gymnast. 

r.y Robert Sloll, of the New York A. C, the 
American champion on the flying rings from ) S85 
to 1892. Any boy who frequents a gymnasium 
or who has a horizontal bar or parallel bars at his 
command, can easily follow the illustrations and 
instructions in tiiis book and with a little practice 
become proficient. Price 10 cents. 

No. 126. Ice Hockey and Ice Polo. 

Written by the most famous player in Canada, 
A. P'arrell, of the Shamrock hockey team of Mon- 
treal. It is well worth perusal by any player of 
the game. It contains a complete description of 
the game of hockey, its origin, points of a good 
player, and a complete and instructive article on 
how the game is played, with diagrams and the 
Illustrated with pictures of leading teams. Price lo 





official rules, 
cents. 

Uo. 128. 




How to Row. 

By E. J. Giannini, of the New York A. C., and one 
of America's most famous amateur oarsmen and cham- 
pions. This book will instruct anyone who is a lover 
of rowing how to become an expert. It is fully illus- 
trated, showing how to hold the oars, the finish of the 
stroke and other information that will prove valuable to 
the beginner. Price 10 cents. 

- No. 129. Water Polo. 

yryb^^—^^ By Gus Sundstrom, instructor at the New York A. C. 
"^^^p^^^ It treats of every detail, the individual work of the play- 
'^S^f^^^>' ers, the practice of the team, how to throw the ball, with 



many illustrations and valuable hints. Price 10 cents. 




ATHLETIC^^*LIBRARY 




encyclopcxdia in itself. 



Official Handbook of the A.A.U. of the United States. 

The A. A. U, is the governing body of ath- 
letes in the United States of America, and all 

r) . . , games must be held under its rules, which are 

1/ exclusively published in this handbook, and a 

^ copy should be in the hands of every athlete 

and every club officer in America. This book 
contains the official rules for running, jump- 
ing, weight throwing, hurdling, pole vaulting, 
swimming, boxing, wrestling, etc., and is an 
Price lo cents. 




No. 136. 




Official Y. M. C. A. Handbook. 

Edited by G. T. Ilepbron, the well-known athletic 
authority. It contains the official rules governing all 
sports under the jurisdiction of the Y. J\I. C. A., a 
complete report of the physical directors' conference, 
official Y. RI. C. A. scoring tables, pentathlon rules, 
many pictures of the leading Y. M. C. A. athletes of 
the country, and official Y. M. C. A. athletic rules. 
Price lo cents. 



No. 138. Official Croquet Guide. 

Contains the official rules of the game 



diagrams of important strokes. 



directions 
Price lo cents. 



for playing and 



No. 140. Wrestling. 

Catch as catch can style. By E. H. Hitchcock, M. D., and R. F. 
Nelligan, of Amherst College. The book contains illustrations of 
the different holds, photographed especially so that anybody who de- 
sires to become expert in wrestling can with little effort learn every 
one. Price lo cents. 

No. 142. Physical Training Simplified. 

By Prof E. B. Warman, the well-known physical culture expert, is 
a complete, thorough and practical book where the whole man is 
considered — brain and body. By following the instructions no appa- 
ratus is required to make the perfect body. The book is adapted for 
both sexes. P^illy illustrated. Price lo cents. 



No. 143. Indian Clubs and Dumb-Bells. 

Two of the most popular forms of home or gym- 
nasium exercise. This book is written by America's 
amateur champion club swinger, J. H. Dougherty. 
It is clearly illustrated, by which any novice can be- 
come an expert. Price lo cents. 





ATHLETIC 




No. 149. The Care of the Body. 

A book that all who value health should read and follow its instruc- 
tions. By Prof. E. B. IVarman. Price lo cents. 

No. 152. Table Tennis. 

The contents include the official rules and illustrations of the 
various strokes, posed by experts. Price lo cents. 



No. 154 




prominent 
Maw 



To those in need of vigorous and health- 
ful out-of-doors exercise, this game is 
recommended highly. Its healthful attri- 
butes are manifold and the interest of 
player and spectator alike is kept active 
throughout the progress of the game. 
Can be played by either sex and occupies a 
place in the sports at Vassar. Smith, Wellesley, Bryn 



and other leading colleges. Pri 



ce lo cents. 



No. 156. The 




Athlete's Guide. 

How to become an atl 



lete. 



It contains full in- 
structions for the beginner, telling how to sprint, 
hurdle, jump and throw weights, general hints on 
training; in fact, this book is one of the most com- 
plete on the subject that has ever appeared. Special 
chapters contain valuable advice to beginners, and 
important A. A. U. rules and their explanations, 
while the pictures comprise many exclusive scenes 
showing champions in action. Price lo cents. 

No. 157. How to Play Lawn Tennis. 

A complete description of lawn tennis is 
found in this book; a history of the game; 
a lesson for beginners and directions telling 
how to make every important stroke; how 
to lay out a tennis court; illustrated from 
photographs of leading players in action. 
Price lo cents. 

No. 158. Indoor and Outdoor Gymnastic Games. 

Without question one of the best bocks of its kind ever published. 
Compiled by Prof. A. M. Chesley, the well-known Y. M. C. A. phy- 
sical director. It is a book that will prove valuable to indoor and 
outdoor gymnasiums, schools, outings and gatherings where there are 
a number to be amused. The book contains over loo games. Price 
lo cents. 







^ ATHLETIC pT^ LIBRARY {{m, 

Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy Men. 

By Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, superintendent of phy- 
sical training in the New York public schools. Anyone 
who is looking for a concise and complete course of 
physical education at home would do well to procure a 
copy of this book. There will be no necessity for any- 
one to apply for advice in order to become healthy and 
athletic. Ten minutes' work as directed is exercise any- 
one can follow. It already has had a large sale and has 
been highly commended by all who have followed its instructions. 
Price lo cents. 
No. 162. How to Become a Boxer. 

_0) ^ 1' "^i" niany years books have been issued on tha 

Wy^/^^:^:::r:^/\ art of boxing, but it has remained for us to ar- 
'- ~^ ^"^ ' range a book that we think is sure to fill all de- 

mands. It contains over 70 pages of illustrations 
showing all the latest blows, posed especially for 
this book under the supervision of one of the best 
instructors of boxing in the United States, who 
makes a specialty of teaching and who knows how 
to impart his knowledge. They are so arranged that any two boys 
can easily become proficient boxers. The book also contains photo- 
graphs of all the leading American boxers, and official rules. No 
boy should neglect to possess this book. Price 10 cents. 

No. 165. The Art of Fencing. 

Full instructions are given, with illustra- 
tions, for becoming proficient with the foils. 
Any boy can learn to become expert by 
carefully studying this book. Price 10 
cents. 



No. 166. How to Swing Indian Clubs. 

By Prof. E, B. Warman, the well-known exponent of 
physical culture. The most complete work on this 
special subject ever issued. By following the diagrams 
carefully anyone can become an expert club swinger in a 
short time, as the diagrams are very plainly and intelli- 
gently drawn. Price 10 cents. 
No. 167. Quoits. 

By M. W. Deshong. The need of a book 
on this interesting game has been felt by many 
who wished to know the iine points aiul tricks 
used by the experts. Mr. Deshong explains 
them, with illustrations, so that a novice can 
readily understand. Price 10 cents. 







!library 



-=-^:^^' 






No. 170. Push Ball. 

Played with an air-inflated ball 6 feet in 
diameter, weighing about 50 pounds. A side 
consists of eleven men. The game has met 
with instant favor, and now no school or 
athletic club ^s complete without one. Price 
10 cents. 
No. 171. Basket Ball for Women. 

Edited by Miss Senda Berenson, of Smith 
College. Contains valuable information, spe- 
cial articles, official rules, and photos of teams 
of leading women's colleges and high schools. 
Price 10 cents. 



How to Play Base Baf!. 

Edited by T. II. Murnane. The editor has obtained 
from such well-known players as Lajoie, Kittridge, 
Clarke, Cy Young, Willis, Callahan, Doyle, and other 
equally prominent players, special articles telling just 
liow they play their respective positions. Over 50 
full-page pictures of prominent players in action are 
shown, and accurate photographs showing how to hold the fingers for 
the various curves and diops. Price 10 cents. 

No. 174. Distance and Cross Country Running. 
By George Orton, the famous University of Penn- 
sylvania runner. Tells how to become proficient 
in these specialties, gives instructions for train- 
ing, and is illustrated with many full-page pictures. 
Price 10 cents. 
Official Intercollegiate A.A. Handbook. 

Contains ofiicial rules that govern intercollegiate 
events and all intercollegiate records records from 1876. 
Any boy who expects to go to college and try for the 
a^thletic team should be familar with these records. 
Price 10 cents. 
How to Swim. 

P.y J. II. Sterrett, the leading authority on swim- 
ming in America. The instructions will interest the 
expert as well as the novice; the illustrations were 
made from photographs especially posed, showing 
the swimmer in clear water; a valuable feature is the 
series of "land drill" exercises for the beginner, 
which is illustrated by numerous drawings. Price 
10 cents. 




No. 177. 




ATHLETIC 





No. 178. How to Train for Bicycling. 

Gives methods of the best riders Avhen train- 
ing for long or short distance races; hints on 
training. Revised and up-to-date in every particu- 
Price lo cents. 



No. 179. How to Play Golf. 

No golfer sliould miss having a copy 
of this golf guide. The photographic 
interview with James Braid, open cham- 
pion of England, is well worth perusal. 
Harry Vardon tells how to play the 
game, with lifelike illustrations show- 
ing the diffe.'-ent strokes. The book 
also contains the revised official rules, 
as well as pictures of many important players, and a directory giving 
name, address, membership, dues and length of course of golf clubs 
in the United States. Price lo cents. 




No. 180. Ring Hockey. 

A new game for the gymnasium, invented by Dr. J. iSI. Vorliees of 
Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, that has sprung into instant poi)ularity ; as 
as exciting as basket ball, Price lo cents. 



No. 181. Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide. 

Edited by Walter Camp. Contains the new 
rules as recommended by the Rules Committee, 
with diagram of field as newly arranged ; special 
chapters on the game. Foot Ball for the Spectator, 
All-America Teams, Middle West Foot Ball, Foot 
Ball West of Mississippi River, vSouthern Foot 
Ball, Southwestern Foot Ball, Canadian Foot Ball, 
records of teams, details of principal changes in rules, and pictures of 
all the prominent teams, embracing nearly 3,000 players. Price 10 cents. 




No. 182. All Around Athletics. 




Gives in full the method of scoring the All-Around 
Championships, giving percentage tables showing what 
each man receives for each performance in each of the 
ten events. It contains as well instructive articles on 
how to train for the All-Around Championship. Illus- 
trated with many pictures of champions in action and 
scenes at all-around meets. Price 10 cents. 




ATHLETIC 




No. 183. 





How to Play Foot Ball. 

By Walter Camp. The contents embrace 
everything that a beginner wants to know 
and many points that an expert will be glad 
to learn. Quarterback is described by 
deSaulles, the famous Yale player ; how to 
give signals is explained by Rockwell and 
Hogan of the Yale team, who show with 
many diagrams how the big teams make 
their sensational plays ; Lewis, the well-known Harvard player, gives 
instructions in the methods of defence, and William T. Reid, the 
former Harvard fullback, tells of the duties of the backs. The pic- 
tures are made from snapshots of the Yale, Harvard and Princeton 
teams in action. Price lo cents. 

No. 184. Official Basket Ball Guide. 

Edited by (ieorge '1'. llepbron. Contains the 
revised official rules for 1904, decisions on dis 
puted points, records of prominent teams, reports 
on the game from various parts of the country, 
and pictures of hundreds of players. The stand- 
ard basket ball annual of the country. Price 10 
cents. 
No. 185. Health Hints. 

Health influenced by insulation ; health influenced by underwear ; 
health influenced by color; exercise, who needs it? A series of 
articles by Prof. E. B. Wannan, the well known lecturer and authority 
on physical culture. Price 10 cents. 

No. 186. How to Become a Bowler. 

By S. Karpf, Secretary of the American Bowling 
Congress, and one of the best posted men on bowling 
in America. A complete history of bowling, how to 
make an alley, hints for women bowlers, official 
rules ; illustrated. Price 10 cents. 
How to Play Roller Polo. 
Edited by J. C. Morse. A full description of the game ; official 
rules ; pictures of teams ; other articles of interest. Price 10 cents. 
No. 188. Lawn Hockey, Tether Tennis, Golf Croquet, Volley 
Ball, Hand Tennis, Etc. 
Containing the rules for each game. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. 
No. 189. Rules for Games. 

Compiled by Jessie H. Bancroft, director of physical training, de- 
partment of education, New York City, Borough of Brooklyn. Ar 
ranged especially for school use and adapted to large classes as well 
as a few. Price 10 cents. 





ATHLETIC 




LIBRARY S 






No. 190. Official Athletic Almanac. 

Compiled by J. E. Sullivan, Secretary-Treasurer 
of the Amateur Athletic Union. It is the only 
annual publication issued now that contains a 
complete list of amateur best-on-records ; com- 
plete intercollegiate records ; complete English 
records from 1866 ; swimming records ; inter- 
scholastic records ; Irish, Scotch and Australasian 
records ; reports of leading athletic meets in 1903; 
skating records ; important athletic events in 1903, 
and numerous photos of individual athletes and leading athletic 
teams. Price 10 cents. 
No. 191. How to Punch the Bag. 

By \V. II. Roth well ("Young Corbett"), champion 
featherweight of the world. This book is undoubtedly 
the best treatise on bag punching that has ever Ijeen 
printed. Every variety of blow used in training is 
shown and explained. The pictures comprise thirty- 
three full page reproductions of Young Corljett as he 
M '%. iX appears while at work in his training quarters. The 
*y Ij -^ photographs were taken l)y our special artist and 

cannot be seen in any other publication than Spalding's Athletic 
Library No. 191. Fancy bag punching is treated by W. F. Keller, a 
well known theatrical bag puncher, who shows the latest tricks in 
fancy work. For those who wish to becone expert bag punchers 
this book is invaluable. Price 10 cents. 
No. 192. Indoor Base Ball. 

America's national game is now vieing with 
other indoor games as a winter pastime. This 
book contains the playing rules, pictures of 
leading teams, and interesting articles on the 
game. M. S. Walker, of the West Division 
H. S . Chicago, contributes an article on the 
benefits of the game for women. Price lo 
cents. 
Play Basket Ball. 

P>y (i. T. llepbron, editor of the Official Basket 
Ball Guide. Contains full instructions for play- 
ers, both for the expert and the novice, duties of 
officials, and specially posed full page pictures 
showing the correct and incorrect methods of 
playing. The demand for a book of this charac- 
ter is fully satisfied in this publication, as many 
points are included which could not be incorpor- 
ated in the annual publication of the Basket Ball 
Guide for want of room. Price 10 cents. 





ATHLETIC 




No. 194. Racquets, Squash-Racquets and Court Tennis. 

Tlie need of an authoritative handbook 
at a popuhir price on these games is filled 
by this book. How to play each game is 
thoroughly explained, and all the difficult 
strokes shown by special photographs 
taken especially for this book. Contains 
also the official rules. Price lo cents. 




No. 196. 



No. 195. Official Roque Guide. 

The official publication of the National Rociue 
Association of America. Edited by Prof. Charles 
Jacobus, ex-champion. Contains a description of the 
courts and their construction, diagrams of the field, 
illustrations, rules and valuable information concern- 
ing the game of roque. Price lo cents. 

Official Base Ball Guide. 

Edited by Henry Chadwick, the 

" Father of Base Ball," the official 

publication of bi^se ball. It contains 

, a complete record of all leagues in 

■" America, pictures of the champion 

teams, official rules and reviews of 

the game; interesting information. 

It is the standard base ball annual 

cents. 

. 197. Spalding's Lawn Tennis Annual 
Contains official statistics, photographs 
of leading players, special articles on the 
game, review of important tournaments, 
official rules, handicapping rules and tables; 
list of fixtures for the current year and 
other valuable information. Price lo cents. 

No. 198. Spalding's Official Cricket Guide. 

Edited by Jerome Flannery, formerly 
proprietor of Flannery's American Cricket 
Annual. Spalding's will be the most com- 
plete year book of the game that has ever 
been published in America It will contain 
all the records of the previous year, reports 
of special matches, official rules and pic- 
tures of all the leading teams and individual 
players. Price lo cents. 






ATHLETIC 





No. 199. Equestrian Polo Guide. 

Compiled by H. L. FitzPatrick of the New 
York Sun Illustrated with portraits of leading 
players and contains much useful information for 
polo players in relation to playing the game, 
choosing of equipment, mounts, and the official 
rules. Price lo cents. 



No. 200. Dumb-bells. 

This is undoubtedly the best work on dumb- 
1)ells that has ever been offered. The author, 
Mr. G. Bojus, of New York City, was for- 
merly superintendent of physical culture in 
the Elizabeth (N, J.) public schools, instructor 
at Columbia University, and instructor for 
four years at the Columbia summer school, 
and is now with the Dr. Savage Normal In- 
stitute of Physical Training in New York City, 
The book contains 200 photographs of all the 
various exercises, posed under the direct supervision of Mr. Bojus, 
with the instructions on the opposite page in large, readable type. 
It should be in the hands of every teacher and pupil of physical cul- 
ture in the country, and is written and illustrated so clearly that 
makes it invaluable for home exercise as well. Price lo cents. 




No. 201. 




Lacrosse — From Candidate to Team. 

By William C. Schmeisser, captain Johns Hop- 
kins University champion intercollegiate lacrosse 
team of igo2 ; edited by Ronald T. Abercrombie, 
ex-captain ai d coach of Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity lacrosse team, iqoo-1904. Every position is 
thoroughly explained in a most simple and concise 
manner, rendering it the best manual of the game 
ever published. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. 



New issues of Spalding's Athletic Library are constantly being published — 
some being revised and up-to-date numbers of the annual publications, others 
being entirely new books on subjects not touched upon by any other publication. 
Write for latest list of books. 

The publishers of Spalding's Athletic Library will be glad to answer inquiries 
on disputed points of play in athletic games, or will give any information desired — 
where possible — in regard to laying out grounds, equipping gymnasiums, etc. 
Address Spalding's Athletic Library, P. O. Box 611, New York. 



U^^^^'^W^iJ^iWMHWMHWdMMMiMMi^ii)imtiii<iM)t)^^ 



Spalding^s 
Home Library 



Devoted to Games and Amusements 
for the Home Circle. 



i 



1 Chess 



2 Whist 

3 Dominoes and Dice 

4 Poker 

, 5 Backgammoo 

b Euchre 

7 Billiards 

8 Ecarte 

9 Checkers 
10 Bezique 

\ I Pool 

12 Pinochle 

13 Lotto 
H Hearts 
15 Reversi 



)6 Piquet 

J7 Gj-Bang 

J8 Games of Patience 

J9 Children's Games 

20 Cribbage 

2 J Drawing Room Games 

22 Group of Card Games 

23 Ctiildren*s Games 

24 Group of Card Games 

25 Drawing Room Games 

26 Group of Card Games 

27 Children's Games 

28 Skat 

29 Drawing Room Games 

30 Baccarat 



PRICE TEN CENTS PER COPY 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

New York Chicago Philadelphia San Francisco 

Boston Raltimore Buffa'o Kansas City 

5t. Louis Minneapolis Denver Montreal, Can. 

London, England 



5^ 



IwWWMWMW/WWVWWW^^^ 




This is a fac-simile of the grand prize awarded to A. G. Spalding & Bros, for the 
finest and most complete line of athletic goods exhibited at the Universal Expo- 
sition, Paris, 1900. We have brought this medal to America in competition with 
the leading makers of the world. It is the highest award given for any exhibit 
and is exclusively granted for the best goods in that particular class. 




Spalding's Athletic Goods were used exclusively in all the athletic events in the 
Stadium of the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. Spalding's Athletic Goods are 
standard of quality and officially recognized as such by the leading governing 

bodies. 



The Spalding Official League Base Ball, Intercollegiate Foot Ball, 

Gaelic Foot Ball, Association Foot Ball, Basket Ball, Indoor Base 

Ball, Polo Ball, Boxing Gloves, Athletic Implements. 



LBJa'05 



